{"id":70798,"date":"2019-04-17T17:00:22","date_gmt":"2019-04-17T17:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=70798"},"modified":"2019-05-13T08:58:55","modified_gmt":"2019-05-13T08:58:55","slug":"witches-or-drug-addicts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/en\/witches-or-drug-addicts\/","title":{"rendered":"Witches or drug addicts?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Vuelo

Flight of witches by Francisco de Goya<\/p><\/div>\n

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/strong><\/a>, professor of Pharmacology and director of the International Doctoral School<\/strong> of the Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University<\/strong><\/a> and full academician of the Royal European Academy of Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), has published together with Francisco P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez<\/strong>, professor of Psychology Criminal, Anthropology and Criminal Sociology of the University Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela the study “Las brujas y sus calderos: \u00bfadoradoras del diablo o drogodependientes?”<\/strong> (The witches and their cauldrons: worshipers of the devil or drug addicts?”). The article was first published in the Spanish edition of the specialised website “The Conversation”<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Capricho

Capricho n\u00ba 68, Francisco Goya and Lucientes<\/p><\/div>\n

“Medieval stereotypes about witches made them a figure with a strong folkloric root that populated local legends throughout Europe, almost always from a negative point of view, saturated with topics and scarcely realistic -the authors begin their study-. Among these topics we can mention the signing of diabolic pacts with corporal marking (stigmata diaboli), the periodic assistance to covens to reverence the devil, in the form of a goat, and celebrate in community, through dances, banquets and sexual orgies, the ability to attend the meetings flying on brooms or barrels, metamorphosed into animals or on the backs of beasts, the practice of anthropophagy, especially children…”.<\/p>\n

L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz and P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez reveal that what was hidden behind all these rites and gave them a magical meaning is no other that psychotropic substances that were used in their rituals, most easily reached thanks to common plants. “Among the herbs that were used in the cooking of some of those considered witches there are the plants of the Solanaceae family, endowed with psychotropic and hallucinogenic properties, such as henbane, belladonna, mandrake, jimson and hellebore, plus of other species, such as verbena or opium”.<\/p>\n

These untreations were applied, among other parts, in the genital region and its effects were almost immediate, as the hallucinogenic active ingredients were rapidly absorbed through the vaginal mucosa, causing hallucinations (feeling of air transport, sexual fantasies…). Then, a deep dream ensued, in which what was dreamed, upon awakening, was confused with reality, explain the authors. Among the effects of henbane is to induce, thanks to its richness in alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine, a strange sensation of lightness and weightlessness, which can explain the vivid certainty of being flying.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"S\u00e1bado

Witches’ Sabbath on Mount Brocken Michael Herr<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz, professor of Pharmacology and director of the International Doctoral School of the Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University and full academician of the Royal European Academy of Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED), has published together with Francisco P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez, professor of Psychology Criminal, Anthropology and Criminal Sociology of the University Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela the study “Las […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":70644,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/strong><\/a>, profesor de Farmacolog\u00eda y director de la Escuela Internacional de Doctorado<\/strong> de la Universidad Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela<\/strong><\/a> y acad\u00e9mico de n\u00famero de la Real Academia Europea de Doctores-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), ha publicado junto a Francisco P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez<\/strong>, profesor de Psicolog\u00eda Criminal, Antropolog\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda Criminal de la Universidad Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela el estudio \"Las brujas y sus calderos: \u00bfadoradoras del diablo o drogodependientes?\"<\/strong>. El art\u00edculo ha aparecido en primicia en la edici\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol del portal especializado \"The Conversation\"<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>

\"Los estereotipos medievales sobre las brujas las convirtieron en una figura con una fuerte ra\u00edz folcl\u00f3rica que pobl\u00f3 las leyendas locales en toda Europa, casi siempre desde una \u00f3ptica negativa, saturada de t\u00f3picos y escasamente realista -comienzan los autores su estudio-. Entre estos t\u00f3picos cabe mencionar la firma de pactos diab\u00f3licos con marca corporal (stigmata diaboli); la asistencia peri\u00f3dica a aquelarres para reverenciar al diablo, en forma de macho cabr\u00edo y festejar en comunidad, mediante bailes, banquetes y org\u00edas sexuales; la capacidad de asistir a los convent\u00edculos volando sobre escobas o toneles, metamorfoseadas en animales o a lomos de bestias; la pr\u00e1ctica de la antropofagia, sobre todo de ni\u00f1os...\".<\/p>

Sin embargo, L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz y P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez revelan que lo que se escond\u00eda detr\u00e1s de todos estos ritos y les aportaba un sentido m\u00e1gico no son otra cosa que las sustancias psicotr\u00f3picas que se utilizaban en sus rituales, la mayor\u00eda de f\u00e1cil alcance gracias a plantas comunes. \"Entre las hierbas que se empleaban en los cocidos de algunas de aquellas consideradas brujas destacan las plantas de la familia de las solan\u00e1ceas, dotadas de propiedades psicotr\u00f3picas y alucin\u00f3genas, como el bele\u00f1o, la belladona, la mandr\u00e1gora, el estramonio y el el\u00e9boro, adem\u00e1s de otras especies, como la verbena o el opio\".<\/p>

Estas unturas se aplicaban, entre otras partes, en la regi\u00f3n genital y sus efectos eran casi inmediatos, al absorberse r\u00e1pidamente los principios activos alucin\u00f3genos a trav\u00e9s de la mucosa vaginal, ocasionando alucinaciones en estado de vigilia (sensaci\u00f3n de transporte a\u00e9reo, fantas\u00edas sexuales...). A continuaci\u00f3n, sobreven\u00eda un profundo sue\u00f1o, en el cual lo so\u00f1ado, al despertar, se confund\u00eda con la realidad, explican los autores. Entre los efectos del bele\u00f1o se encuentra el de inducir, gracias a su riqueza en alcaloides, como hiosciamina y escopolamina, una extra\u00f1a sensaci\u00f3n de ligereza y de ingravidez, que puede explicar la v\u00edvida certeza de estar volando.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[243],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-categ-history","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nWitches or drug addicts? - Royal European Academy of Doctors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/en\/witches-or-drug-addicts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Witches or drug addicts? - Royal European Academy of Doctors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz, professor of Pharmacology and director of the International Doctoral School of the Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University and full academician of the Royal European Academy of Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED), has published together with Francisco P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez, professor of Psychology Criminal, Anthropology and Criminal Sociology of the University Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela the study “Las […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/en\/witches-or-drug-addicts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Royal European Academy of Doctors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\/\/fb.me\/raed.academy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-04-17T17:00:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-05-13T08:58:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/S\u00e1bado-de-brujas-en-el-monte-Brocken-Michael-Herr-dstNtc.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"380\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"RAED\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@raedacademy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@raedacademy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"RAED\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/witches-or-drug-addicts\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/witches-or-drug-addicts\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"RAED\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5a755da80d1d979fd66ba745c8702927\"},\"headline\":\"Witches or drug addicts?\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-04-17T17:00:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-05-13T08:58:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/witches-or-drug-addicts\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":424,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/witches-or-drug-addicts\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/04\\\/S\u00e1bado-de-brujas-en-el-monte-Brocken-Michael-Herr-dstNtc.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"History\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/witches-or-drug-addicts\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/en\\\/witches-or-drug-addicts\\\/\",\"name\":\"Witches or drug addicts? 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