{"id":185598,"date":"2026-05-22T14:53:25","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T14:53:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=185598"},"modified":"2026-05-22T14:53:25","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T14:53:25","slug":"what-was-lost-in-cuba-and-the-philippines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/en\/what-was-lost-in-cuba-and-the-philippines\/","title":{"rendered":"What was lost in Cuba (and the Philippines)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Francisco

Dr. Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/p><\/div>\n

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/a>, Professor of Pharmacology and Vice-Rector for Research, Science and Doctoral Studies at Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela University<\/strong>, Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of the Basque Country<\/strong> and of other national and international academies, and Numerary Member of the Royal European Academy of Doctors<\/strong> (READ), addresses the anniversary of the war waged by the United States and Spain at the end of the 19th century, the Disaster of 1898 and its consequences for contemporary geopolitical relations in the articles \u201c25 April 1898. The United States\u2019 Declaration of War on Spain\u201d<\/strong>, published on 25 April through the channels of the Academy of Military Sciences and Arts<\/strong>, of which he is also a member, and \u201cWhat does the war between the United States and Spain over Cuba tell us about interventionism and current geopolitics?\u201d<\/strong>, published in the specialist portal The Conversation<\/strong> on 11 May and subsequently in various Spanish and Latin American media outlets.<\/p>\n

In \u201c25 April 1898. The United States\u2019 Declaration of War on Spain\u201d<\/strong>, the expert recounts the events that triggered the declaration of war, based on disinformation about the causes of the sinking of the battleship \u201cMaine\u201d<\/strong> in Havana harbour, and analyses Washington\u2019s opportunism in a conflict it knew it had already won. \u201cFrom a strategic perspective, the declaration formalised a short, diplomatically calculated and carefully prepared war, since the United States had accelerated its naval modernisation programme in the preceding decades, allowing it to enter the conflict with clear material superiority. By contrast, Spain, under the government led by Pr\u00e1xedes Mateo Sagasta<\/strong>, was pushed into a war for which it was not fully prepared, with particularly obsolete military capabilities in the naval sphere and with the political difficulty of accepting the ultimatum without fighting,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n

For its part, in \u201cWhat does the war between the United States and Spain over Cuba tell us about interventionism and current geopolitics?\u201d<\/strong>, in addition to offering a concise account of the wars in Cuba and the Philippines and reflecting on Spain\u2019s lack of foresight in avoiding them, the academic focuses on their short- and medium-term repercussions. \u201cThe signing of the Treaty of Paris<\/strong> on 10 December 1898 formalised the end of hostilities and entailed the cession of Cuba, under tutelage, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam \u2013 the largest island in the Mariana archipelago \u2013 to the United States, as well as the definitive collapse of the Spanish Empire. This generated an absolute moral, political and social crisis in mainland Spain, popularly known as the Disaster of 1898, and a process of popular and political reaction that took shape in the regenerationist movement led by Joaqu\u00edn Costa<\/strong>. From a military perspective, the defeat revealed the need to modernise the Armed Forces<\/strong> and review the Spanish strategic doctrine. For the United States, however, the war represented its consolidation as an emerging power with global projection, marking the beginning of a more active and interventionist foreign policy,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n

A recognised communicator on contemporary history, Spanish literature of the Golden Age, medicine and pharmacology, L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz holds a PhD in Medicine and Surgery and a PhD in Spanish Language and Literature. He is a specialist in Pharmaceutical Medicine and holds a diploma in Holocaust Studies from the International School for Holocaust Studies<\/strong> at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. He is a researcher at the Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute<\/strong> in Madrid, a member of the Governing Council<\/strong> of the HM Hospitales Health Research Institute<\/strong> and of the Miguel de Cervantes Institute for Medieval and Golden Age Studies<\/strong> of the University of Alcal\u00e1 de Henares<\/strong>, a member of the Science and Technology Council of the Community of Madrid<\/strong>, scientific adviser to the Ibero-American Committee on Ethics and Bioethics<\/strong>, a member of the Observation Committee<\/strong> of the Spanish Human Rights Observatory<\/strong>, of the Spanish Chapter<\/strong> of the Club of Rome<\/strong>, and an honorary member of the Gandhi-Mandela Foundation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

He has taken part in numerous research projects and is the author of monographs and articles in his field of study. He has recently been named Honorary Colonel of Kentucky and Honorary Guardia Civil<\/strong>, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of the creation of this status, the corps\u2019 highest civil distinction, which is awarded exceptionally. On 20 March, he was also recognised with the Medal of Merit in Cyberdefence<\/strong>, awarded by the Professional Association of New Technology Experts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Read \u201c25 April 1898. The United States\u2019 Declaration of War on Spain\u201d<\/u><\/a><\/em><\/h2>\n

Read \u201cWhat does the war between the United States and Spain over Cuba tell us about interventionism and current geopolitics?\u201d<\/u><\/a><\/em><\/h2>\n
\"Soldiers

Soldiers of the Cuban Army, from a photograph taken at the time of the landing of the American army, from page 312 of Harper’s Illustrated History of the War with Spain, vol. II, published by Harper and Brothers in 1899.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In his latest articles, Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz addresses the anniversary of the war between the United States and Spain at the end of the 19th century, the Disaster of ’98, and its consequences for contemporary geopolitical relations<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":185421,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[243,405,351],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-185598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-categ-history","category-national-history","category-political-sciences","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat was lost in Cuba (and the Philippines) - Royal European Academy of Doctors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The anniversary of the war between the United States 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