{"id":177227,"date":"2025-12-15T17:22:25","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T17:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=177227"},"modified":"2025-12-15T17:22:25","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T17:22:25","slug":"the-strength-of-the-rule-of-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/en\/the-strength-of-the-rule-of-law\/","title":{"rendered":"The strength of the Rule of law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-169825\" src=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/shutt-congreso-de-los-diputados-parlamento-gobierno-Espana-Tribunal-Constitucional-2.91.webp\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/shutt-congreso-de-los-diputados-parlamento-gobierno-Espana-Tribunal-Constitucional-2.91.webp 1600w, https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/shutt-congreso-de-los-diputados-parlamento-gobierno-Espana-Tribunal-Constitucional-2.91-768x264.webp 768w, https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/shutt-congreso-de-los-diputados-parlamento-gobierno-Espana-Tribunal-Constitucional-2.91-1536x528.webp 1536w, https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/shutt-congreso-de-los-diputados-parlamento-gobierno-Espana-Tribunal-Constitucional-2.91-1080x371.webp 1080w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"550\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/en\/academicians\/dr-teresa-freixes-sanjuan\/\"><strong>Teresa Freixes<\/strong><\/a>, <strong>Jean Monnet<\/strong> Chair ad personam, president of the international organization <strong>Citizens pro Europe<\/strong>, vice-president of the civic platform <strong>Sociedad Civil Catalana<\/strong>, and Numerary Member and Vice-President of the Board of <strong>Governors of the European Academy of Doctors (READ)<\/strong>, reflects on Spanish and international political affairs in the articles <strong>\u00abThe Advocate General, the Trees and the Forest,<\/strong>\u00bb <strong>\u00abJuan Carlos I: From Clandestinity to the Throne,\u00bb<\/strong> <strong>\u00abOnce Again Self-Determination or Independence by Instalments,\u00bb \u00abRemember Sarajevo,\u00bb<\/strong> and <strong>\u00abOn the 47th Anniversary of the Constitution,\u00bb<\/strong> published between November and December on the specialized portal <strong>Art\u00edculo 14<\/strong> and the digital newspapers <strong>The Objective<\/strong> and <strong>El Imparcial<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In \u00abThe Advocate General, the Trees and the Forest,\u00bb the jurist examines the considerations of the Advocate General of the <strong>Court of Justice of the European Union<\/strong> regarding the preliminary questions referred by Spain\u2019s <strong>National High Court<\/strong> and the <strong>Court of Auditors<\/strong> on certain aspects of the Organic Law on Amnesty. \u201cIt is striking that the Advocate General systematically resorts to international humanitarian law as a source of interpretative principles for his opinion. He mentions it dozens of times, albeit generically, without specifying which rules or articles he considers applicable to the case. This is surprising because international humanitarian law is a body of law made up of treaties and other rules governing the law of war, applicable only in situations of armed conflict. Its primary purpose is to delimit the rights of combatants and non-combatants and to protect the civilian population. It is not applicable to terrorism unless it occurs in the context of an armed conflict, which entails the involvement of armies, guerrillas identified as such, or other organized combatant forces. Does the Advocate General not know that international humanitarian law does not apply to terrorism? Or is he suggesting that the \u2018proc\u00e9s\u2019 was an armed conflict, or should be considered as such?\u201d she argues.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>\u00abJuan Carlos I: From Clandestinity to the Throne,\u00bb<\/strong> the academic praises the role played by the King Emeritus in driving Spain\u2019s political transition to democracy after the death of <strong>Francisco Franco<\/strong>. \u00abFew were aware of the direct or indirect contacts the Prince maintained with the anti-Franco opposition, grouped around the so-called <strong>Platajunta<\/strong> and made visible through the so-called <strong>Commission of the Nin<\/strong>e. Among them were figures close to Don <strong>Juan<\/strong>, Count of Barcelona and father of <strong>Juan Carlos<\/strong>, as well as socialists, Christian democrats, communists, liberals, and anti-Franco monarchists, who had to reach basic and partial agreements that made possible the success of a path begun even before Franco\u2019s death,\u00bb she explains.<\/p>\n<p>Freixes devotes \u00abOnce Again Self-Determination or Independence by Instalments\u00bb to what she considers desperate attempts by Spain\u2019s Prime <strong>Minister<\/strong>, <strong>Pedro S\u00e1nchez<\/strong>, to maintain at all costs the support of <strong>Junts<\/strong> and its leader, <strong>Carles Puigdemont<\/strong>. \u00abPuigdemont is not satisfied with everything he has negotiated with S\u00e1nchez and extracted from democracy, concession by concession, from Waterloo or Geneva, like a privileged fugitive from justice\u2014having managed to whitewash the coup attempt and grant privileged support to the heirs of terrorism by giving them institutional presence, something few now remember since his party organized, with great fanfare, a lavish reception for them in the <strong>Parliament of Catalonia<\/strong> on 18 May 2016, presided over by the <strong>Converg\u00e8ncia activist Carme Forcadell<\/strong>\u2014an event that only a handful of us at the time recognized as one of the signs of the totalitarianism taking root in Catalonia. Little could we imagine what would follow\u00bb she writes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_157831\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-157831\" class=\"wp-image-157831 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Teresa-Freixes-dst.webp\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Teresa-Freixes-dst.webp 600w, https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Teresa-Freixes-dst-440x264.webp 440w\" alt=\"Teresa Freixes\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-157831\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-157831\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr Teresa Freixes<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In \u00abRemember Sarajevo,\u00bb the president of <em>Citizens pro Europe<\/em> draws on her professional experience in the former Yugoslavia in connection with the <strong>Milan Prosecutor\u2019s Office<\/strong> investigation into alleged \u201csniper tourism\u201d that appears to have been organized in Bosnia\u2014particularly in Sarajevo\u2014turning the \u201chunting\u201d of civilians during the war into a business and a macabre form of entertainment. \u201cThese reports have affected me deeply because I was there and witnessed first-hand the aftermath of a terrible war, which here filled newscast after newscast, and there meant tragedy after tragedy. Beyond massacres such as Srebrenica, the constant drip of attacks on civil society revealed boundless cruelty, compounded by what we are now discovering. I do not know whether this could have been known at the time. I hope the Milan Prosecutor\u2019s Office will shed light on it,\u201d she notes.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, \u00abOn the 47th Anniversary of the Constitution\u00bb pays tribute to a <strong>Constitution<\/strong> that, in Freixes\u2019s view, has brought concord and progress to Spain. \u00abEnduring, enduring, we may ask what has enabled us to have it\u2014and to keep it. If we look back to the years in which it was drafted\u2014because although the text was completed in a matter of months, it required years of contextual groundwork\u2014we can identify several factors. Legally, we learned from the constitutional texts of other countries that also transitioned from dictatorship to democracy, as well as from those that, after defeating fascism by force of arms, produced consensus-based constitutions. Socially, we sought an embrace\u2014like that depicted in <strong>Juan Genov\u00e9s\u2019s<\/strong> painting displayed in <strong>Congress<\/strong>\u2014bringing together Spaniards from inside and outside the country, from left and right, from the center and, we believed, from the periphery. Economically, we achieved the <strong>Moncloa Pacts<\/strong>, laying the foundations for social dialogue and the transition of the economy toward modernity. And we had a then Prince of Asturias who, in those years, moved from clandestinity to the throne. We wanted to live in democracy, and we wanted to be aligned with the other countries of Europe,\u00bb she concludes.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theobjective.com\/elsubjetivo\/opinion\/2025-11-16\/teresa-freixes-abogado-general\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read &#8220;El abogado general, los \u00e1rboles y el bosque&#8221;<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.articulo14.es\/opinion\/juan-carlos-i-de-la-clandestinidad-al-trono-20251127.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read &#8220;Juan Carlos I: de la clandestinidad al trono&#8221;<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theobjective.com\/elsubjetivo\/opinion\/2025-11-30\/autodeterminacion-independencia-articulo-teresa-freixes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read &#8220;Otra vez autodeterminaci\u00f3n o independencia a plazos&#8221;<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.articulo14.es\/opinion\/remember-sarajevo-20251202.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Read &#8220;Remember Sarajevo<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elimparcial.es\/noticia\/290978\/opinion\/en-el-47-aniversario-de-la-consitucion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read &#8220;En el 47 aniversario de la Constituci\u00f3n&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teresa Freixes reflects on current Spanish and international politics in the articles: &#8220;El abogado general, los \u00e1rboles y el bosque&#8221;, &#8220;Juan Carlos I: de la clandestinidad al trono&#8221;, &#8220;Otra vez autodeterminaci\u00f3n o independencia a plazos&#8221;, &#8220;Remember Sarajevo&#8221; and &#8220;En el 47 aniversario de la Constituci\u00f3n&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":169824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[243,228,488,405,351],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-177227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-categ-history","category-law","category-monarchy","category-national-history","category-political-sciences","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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