{"id":98614,"date":"2021-01-21T09:38:52","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T09:38:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=98614"},"modified":"2021-01-23T14:55:08","modified_gmt":"2021-01-23T14:55:08","slug":"irph-o-euribor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/irph-o-euribor\/","title":{"rendered":"IRPH o Euribor, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d’educaci\u00f3 financera"},"content":{"rendered":"

Montserrat Casanovas<\/em><\/strong><\/a>
\nCatedr\u00e0tica d’Economia Financera i Comptabilitat de la Universitat de Barcelona, \u200b\u200bpresidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 d’Economistes Docents i Investigadors i del F\u00f2rum d’Economistes en Mercats Financers del Col\u00b7legi d’Economistes de Catalunya, vice-presidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 Financera del Registre d’Economistes Assessors Financers del Consell General d’Economistes d’Espanya i coordinadora del seu Observatori Financer i acad\u00e8mica de n\u00famero i membre de la Junta de Govern de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

Article publicat a la revista “EAF Informa” del Consell General d’Economistes a la seva edici\u00f3 corresponent a desembre de 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

Montserrat Casanovas<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, catedr\u00e0tica d’Economia Financera i Comptabilitat de la Universitat de Barcelona<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mica de n\u00famero i membre de la Junta de Govern de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), publica en l’edici\u00f3 corresponent a desembre d’“EAF Informa”<\/strong>, la revista del Consell General d’Economistes<\/strong>, l’article “IRPH o Euribor, una cuesti\u00f3n de educaci\u00f3n financiera”<\/strong>, dins d’un informe de l’Observatori Financer<\/strong> d’aquesta instituci\u00f3 que ella mateixa coordina.<\/p>\n

L’acad\u00e8mica \u00e9s autora de nombroses publicacions sobre finances i mercats financers i vocal dels consells editorials de diverses revistes nacionals i internacionals. \u00c9s la presidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 d’Economistes Docents i Investigadors<\/strong> i del F\u00f2rum d’Economistes en Mercats Financers<\/strong> del Col\u00b7legi d’Economistes de Catalunya<\/strong>, a m\u00e9s de vice-presidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 Financera<\/strong> del Registre d’Economistes Assessors Financers<\/strong> del Consell General d’Economistes d’Espanya<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

IRPH o Euribor, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d’educaci\u00f3 financera<\/h3>\n
\"Dra.

Dra. Montserrat Casanovas<\/p><\/div>\n

Els pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris a tipus variable, a Espanya, han estat els m\u00e9s habituals als \u00faltims 25 anys. La seva principal caracter\u00edstica \u00e9s que el seu tipus d’inter\u00e8s es determina en base a un tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia que va variant, m\u00e9s un marge o diferencial fix al llarg de la vida del pr\u00e9stec. Per tant, a priori, \u00e9s impossible con\u00e8ixer el cost efectiu que tindrem, en el cas d’optar per aquesta modalitat de pr\u00e9stec ja que estar\u00e0 en funci\u00f3 de l’evoluci\u00f3 del tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia que ha triat el prestatari. De manera que, si el tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia evoluciona a la baixa, el cost del pr\u00e9stec es reduir\u00e0 en tant que si contr\u00e0riament el tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia puja, el cost del pr\u00e9stec pujar\u00e0 en la mateixa proporci\u00f3 que pugi el tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n

En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, l’elecci\u00f3 d’un pr\u00e9stec a tipus d’inter\u00e8s fix, amb un cost efectiu que \u00e9s conegut per avan\u00e7at o un pr\u00e9stec a tipus variable, amb un cost que com indica el seu nom \u00e9s variable, dependr\u00e0 de les expectatives d’evoluci\u00f3 dels tipus d’inter\u00e8s al futur i del grau d’aversi\u00f3 al risc del prestatari. En el cas d’un prestatari molt advers al risc \u00e9s preferible un pr\u00e9stec a tipus fix, ja que coneixer\u00e0 la c\u00e0rrega peri\u00f2dica exacta que representa. Tamb\u00e9 si l’expectativa d’evoluci\u00f3 a curt o a mig termini dels tipus d’inter\u00e8s \u00e9s alcista ser\u00e0 millor optar per la modalitat de tipus d’inter\u00e8s fix.<\/p>\n

A Espanya, el tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s utilitzat ha estat l’Euribor<\/strong> a 12 mesos. Modificat per la Circular <\/strong>5\/2017 de 22 de desembre<\/strong> del Banc d’Espanya<\/strong> que el defineix com la mitjana aritm\u00e8tica simple mensual dels valors de refer\u00e8ncia Euribor que figuren en l’Annex del Reglament d’Execuci\u00f3 UE 2016\/1368<\/strong>, pel qual s’estableix una llista dels \u00edndexs de refer\u00e8ncia crucials utilitzats en els mercats financers. L’Euribor, acr\u00f2nim de l’angl\u00e8s Euro Interbank Offered Rate<\/strong>, \u00e9s un tipus d’inter\u00e8s d’oferta de mercat interbancari de l’euro, a un any. Administrat per l’European Money Market Institute<\/strong> (EMMI). Si b\u00e9, d’acord amb l’Ordre Ministerial de 28 d’octubre del 2011<\/strong>, els tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia del mercat hipotecari, a m\u00e9s de l’Euribor a un any s\u00f3n:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • El tipus d’inter\u00e8s mitj\u00e0 dels pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris a m\u00e9s de tres anys (IRPH), concedits pel conjunt d’entitats de cr\u00e8dit (bancs i caixes d’estalvi), per al finan\u00e7ament d’habitatge lliure.<\/li>\n
  • El tipus de rendiment intern al mercat secundari de deute p\u00fablic amb un venciment residual que se situ\u00ef entre dos i sis anys.<\/li>\n
  • El tipus d’inter\u00e8s mitj\u00e0 dels pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris entre un i cinc anys, per a habitatge lliure, concedits per les entitats de cr\u00e8dit de la zona euro, publicats pel Banc Central Europeu.<\/li>\n
  • I el tipus d’inter\u00e8s de les permutes financeres o IRS (Interest Rate Swaps<\/strong>) a el termini de cinc anys, calculats per la International Swaps Derivatives Association<\/strong> (ISDA). Per als pr\u00e9stecs concedits amb posterioritat al 29 d’abril del 2012 deixen de ser oficials l’IRPH dels bancs, l’IRPH de les caixes i l’Indicador CECA<\/strong>. (L’IRPH dels bancs era la mitjana aritm\u00e8tica dels tipus d’inter\u00e8s dels pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris a m\u00e9s de tres anys, concedits pels bancs per al finan\u00e7ament d’habitatge lliure. L’IRPH de les caixes era la mitjana aritm\u00e8tica dels tipus d’inter\u00e8s dels pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris a m\u00e9s de tres anys, concedits per les caixes d’estalvis per al finan\u00e7ament d’habitatge lliure. I l’Indicador CECA era un tipus d’inter\u00e8s aplicat tant als pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris com als de tipus personal a m\u00e9s de tres anys).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Per tant, l’elecci\u00f3 del tipus d’inter\u00e8s de refer\u00e8ncia era una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 complexa per a les persones que no disposaven d’una educaci\u00f3 financera \u00e0mplia. El problema va sorgir no al moment de la contractaci\u00f3, en la qual hi havia tota la informaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica de com havien evolucionat aquests \u00edndexs de refer\u00e8ncia, facilitada pel Banc d’Espanya, aix\u00ed com la seva composici\u00f3, sin\u00f3 el moment en qu\u00e8 el Banc Central Europeu va comen\u00e7ar a abaixar els tipus d’inter\u00e8s i l’Euribor va anar baixant ininterrompudament fins els tipus negatius actuals, mentre que l’IRPH anava mantenint una difer\u00e8ncia d’aproximadament un 2% de m\u00e9s en contra seu.<\/p>\n

    Aquest major cost dels pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris referenciats a l’IRPH, a causa de la pr\u00f2pia composici\u00f3 de l’\u00edndex, \u00e9s el que ha portat als prestataris a rec\u00f3rrer per cl\u00e0usula abusiva. El dictamen del Tribunal de Just\u00edcia de la Uni\u00f3 Europea<\/strong> (TJUE), de 3 de mar\u00e7 del 2020, estableix que siguin els jutges de cada pa\u00eds els que controlin si aquests pr\u00e9stecs referenciats a l’IRPH han estat comercialitzats, cas per cas, de forma poc transparent. En aquest sentit, el Tribunal Suprem<\/strong>, el 21 d’octubre del 2020, seguint la Jurisprud\u00e8ncia del TJUE, ha resolt quatre recursos de cassaci\u00f3 en relaci\u00f3 amb la cl\u00e0usula d’inter\u00e8s variable IRPH, apreciant falta de transpar\u00e8ncia, per\u00f2 no abusivitat.<\/p>\n

    \"IRPHPer evitar aquesta problem\u00e0tica, la nova Llei 5\/2019 de 15 de mar\u00e7 de Contractes de Cr\u00e8dit Immobiliari<\/strong> ha establert noves mesures de protecci\u00f3 al client, com ara l’avaluaci\u00f3 que ha de fer el mateix notari sobre la comprensi\u00f3 i conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de l’\u00edndex triat per part del prestatari abans que aquest signi el contracte del corresponent pr\u00e9stec hipotecari. A m\u00e9s, \u00e9s obligatori des que va entrar en vigor la nova Llei Hipotec\u00e0ria<\/strong>, el 16 de juny del 2019, lliurar al client la informaci\u00f3 precontractual consistent en l’anomenada FEIN (Fitxa Europea d’Informaci\u00f3 Normalitzada<\/strong>), en la qual s’inclou tota la informaci\u00f3 personalitzada sobre el pr\u00e9stec hipotecari que vol contractar, perqu\u00e8 aquest pugui avaluar si li interessa o no i un document complementari, la FIAE (Fitxa de Notes estandarditzada<\/strong>), que amplia la informaci\u00f3 pel que fa a les cl\u00e0usules de la hipoteca, el repartiment de les despeses associades a la hipoteca (taxaci\u00f3 i escriptura p\u00fablica), l’\u00edndex de refer\u00e8ncia i les implicacions de canvis en el mateix sobre la quota, etc.<\/p>\n

    Si b\u00e9, al meu entendre, el problema de fons rau en la manca de formaci\u00f3 financera d’alguns prestataris. A l’igual que ha passat amb les cl\u00e0usules s\u00f2l dels pr\u00e9stecs, les hipoteques multidivisa i ara amb l’IRPH, m\u00e9s endavant pot passar amb els pr\u00e9stecs hipotecaris a tipus fix versus a tipus variable si les expectatives de pujada de tipus d’inter\u00e8s s\u00f3n diferents a les previstes. Pel que recomanem que, si teniu dubtes al voltant de la modalitat de pr\u00e9stec hipotecari que contractar, i no tenen l’educaci\u00f3 financera suficient, consulteu a un assessor financer que us ajudar\u00e0 a prendre aquesta important decisi\u00f3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Montserrat Casanovas publica “IRPH o Eur\u00edbor, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d’educaci\u00f3 financera” … hipoteques a tipus fix versus variable, evoluci\u00f3 de l’Euribor, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":98723,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[304,233],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-98614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia-i-politica-ca","category-economiques-i-empresarials","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nIRPH o Euribor, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d'educaci\u00f3 financera - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Montserrat Casanovas publica "IRPH o Eur\u00edbor, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d'educaci\u00f3 financera" ... hipoteques a tipus fix versus variable, evoluci\u00f3 de l'Euribor, ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/irph-o-euribor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IRPH o Euribor, una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d'educaci\u00f3 financera - 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