{"id":94151,"date":"2020-10-07T10:41:46","date_gmt":"2020-10-07T10:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=94151"},"modified":"2020-10-09T09:32:14","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T09:32:14","slug":"armes-quimiques-a-la-primera-guerra-mundial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/armes-quimiques-a-la-primera-guerra-mundial\/","title":{"rendered":"Els efectes de les armes qu\u00edmiques utilitzades durant la Primera Guerra Mundial"},"content":{"rendered":"

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/strong><\/em><\/a>
\nProfessor de Farmacologia i vicerector de Recerca i Ci\u00e8ncia i director de l’Escola Internacional de Doctorat de la Universitat Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela. <\/em>Acad\u00e8mic de n\u00famero de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

Article<\/em> publicat a l’<\/em>edici\u00f3 espanyola del portal acad\u00e8mic “The Conversation” el 27 de setembre de 2020 i al canal d’Hist\u00f2ria de “National Geographic” el 3 d’octubre de 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Dr.

Dr. Francisco L\u00f3pez<\/p><\/div>\n

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/strong>, professor de Farmacologia de la Universitat Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mic de n\u00famero de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), explica a l’article “La tragedia de los gases de la muerte durante la Gran Guerra”<\/strong>, publicat a l’edici\u00f3 espanyola del portal acad\u00e8mic “The Conversation”<\/strong> el passat 27 de setembre, i al canal d’Hist\u00f2ria de “National Geographic”<\/strong>, tamb\u00e9 a la seva edici\u00f3 espanyola, el 3 d’octubre, els efectes de les armes qu\u00edmiques utilitzades de forma indiscriminada, contra ex\u00e8rcits enemics i fins i tot poblaci\u00f3 civil, durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. Reconegut especialista en la mat\u00e8ria, l’acad\u00e8mic signa l’article al costat d’Alejandro Romero Mart\u00ednez<\/strong>, professor de Toxicologia de la Universitat Complutense de Madrid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Els dos autors inicien la seva argumentaci\u00f3 assenyalant el remot origen de l’armament qu\u00edmic i bacteriol\u00f2gic, tot i que situen a la Gran Guerra el seu \u00fas sistem\u00e0tic i massiu. “El 29 d’abril de 1997 va entrar en vigor la Convenci\u00f3 sobre les Armes Qu\u00edmiques<\/strong>. Tot i aix\u00ed, l’\u00fas de subst\u00e0ncies qu\u00edmiques i material biol\u00f2gic com a eines de guerra \u00e9s tan antic com els propis conflictes armats als quals s’ha vist involucrat l’\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 des d’\u00e8poques prehist\u00f2riques. No obstant aix\u00f2, el gran desenvolupament d’aquesta modalitat b\u00e8l\u00b7lica t\u00e9 el seu origen en l’auge de la ind\u00fastria qu\u00edmica al centre d\u00b4Europa durant el segle XIX. Concretament a la ind\u00fastria alemanya, dominada per les anomenades ‘tres grans’, BASF<\/strong>, Hoechst<\/strong> i Bayer<\/strong>, que van invertir gran part dels seus recursos en la recerca de nous compostos sint\u00e8tics derivats dels colorants. Precisament, en plena I Guerra Mundial, a l’agost de 1916, aquestes tres companyies van signar una alian\u00e7a anomenada Comunitat d’Interessos de la Ind\u00fastria dels Tints<\/strong> , que es va constituir en una pe\u00e7a clau de la guerra qu\u00edmica amb gasos neurot\u00f2xics i vesicants durant el desenvolupament de la contesa b\u00e8l\u00b7lica”, inicien la seva argumentaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"\"L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/strong> i Romero Mart\u00ednez<\/strong> expliquen com els francesos van ser pioners en l’\u00fas d’aquest armament, al que els alemanys van arribar gaireb\u00e9 per atzar. “L’ocupaci\u00f3 d’aquestes armes qu\u00edmiques durant la I Guerra Mundial va ser una pr\u00e0ctica generalitzada i abusiva per part dels dos b\u00e0ndols. Els francesos van ser els primers a fer-les servir, en utilitzar bromoacetato d’etil, una subst\u00e0ncia lacrim\u00f2gena, per for\u00e7ar les tropes alemanyes a sortir dels seus b\u00fanquers el 1914, tot i que el seu efecte era pr\u00e0cticament nul en emprar-se a l’aire lliure. Per contra, la implicaci\u00f3 d’Alemanya en aquest joc b\u00e8l\u00b7lic brut va ser conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de l’atzar. En quedar l’ex\u00e8rcit alemany sense el subministrament dels nitrats xilens per la fabricaci\u00f3 de p\u00f3lvora i explosius pel bloqueig mar\u00edtim brit\u00e0nic, el Departament de Mat\u00e8ries Primeres<\/strong> del Ministeri de la Guerra<\/strong> va enrolar al cient\u00edfic Fritz Haber<\/strong>, en aquell moment director de l’Institut Kaiser Wilhelm de F\u00edsica, Qu\u00edmica i Electroqu\u00edmica de Berl\u00edn<\/strong>, per solucionar el problema d’aquesta manera Haber va organitzar i va dirigir, entre el 1915 i el 1917, el Departament de Guerra Qu\u00edmica<\/strong> del Ministeri de la Guerra del Reich prussi\u00e0, i als seus laboratoris es van desenvolupar les primeres armes de destrucci\u00f3 massiva conegudes com una alternativa a la preocupant escassetat d’armes convencionals per a l’ex\u00e8rcit alemany. El primer gas utilitzat va ser el clorosulfonato d’o-dianisidina, gaireb\u00e9 sense efic\u00e0cia, i posteriorment el clor, assajat contra les tropes franceses el 22 d’abril de 1915 a Ypres”, detallen.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Llegiu l’article de “The Conversation”<\/a><\/h3>\n

Llegiu l’article de “National Geographic”<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz i Alejandro Romero Mart\u00ednez expliquen els efectes de les armes qu\u00edmiques utilitzades de forma indiscriminada, contra ex\u00e8rcits enemics i fins i tot poblaci\u00f3 civil, durant la Primera Guerra Mundial<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":94195,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[242],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-categ-historia","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nEls efectes de les armes qu\u00edmiques utilitzades durant la Primera Guerra Mundial - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Els efectes de les armes qu\u00edmiques utilitzades de forma indiscriminada, contra ex\u00e8rcits enemics i fins i tot poblaci\u00f3 civil, durant la Primera Guerra Mundial\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/armes-quimiques-a-la-primera-guerra-mundial\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Els efectes de les armes qu\u00edmiques utilitzades durant la Primera Guerra Mundial - 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