{"id":91443,"date":"2020-06-12T23:12:29","date_gmt":"2020-06-12T23:12:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=91443"},"modified":"2020-06-17T16:14:44","modified_gmt":"2020-06-17T16:14:44","slug":"ciencia-i-deontologia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/ciencia-i-deontologia\/","title":{"rendered":"Deontologia en temps de Covid-19. La responsabilitat moral del cient\u00edfic"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ram\u00f3n Ricardo Vidal y Plana<\/strong><\/em><\/a>
\nDoctor en Ci\u00e8ncias Biol\u00f2giques i Farmacologia Aplicada, especialista en Biologia Molecular (Organitzaci\u00f3 Europea de Biologia Molecular-Universitat de Troms\u00f6) i a<\/em>cad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ram\u00f3n Ricardo Vidal y Plana<\/strong>, acad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), reflexiona en aquest article sobre l’obligat rigor de les comunicacions cient\u00edfiques arran de la pol\u00e8mica desfermada al voltant de l’informe sobre la hidroxicloroquina en el tractament de la Covid-19 avalat per l’Organitzaci\u00f3 Mundial de la Salut<\/strong> (OMS<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Deontologia en la comunicaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica en temps de Covid-19.
\nLa responsabilitat moral del cient\u00edfic<\/span><\/h3>\n

Els cient\u00edfics som responsables, davant de la nostra pr\u00f2pia consci\u00e8ncia i davant la societat, no solament de la nostra tasca, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 de com els nostres resultats, observacions i consideracions s\u00f3n transmesos de manera vera\u00e7 i comprensible a la resta de la humanitat. En dos recents aportacions, publicades el passat mes d’abril de 2020 al f\u00f2rum de la RAED (“De la desinformaci\u00f3 sobre el coronavirus a l’evoluci\u00f3 del nostre comportament social”<\/strong><\/a> i “Cloroquina i coronavirus: Esperan\u00e7a o miratge?”<\/strong><\/a>) vam analitzar l’estat dels coneixements cient\u00edfics sobre l’origen de la Covid-19 i sobre l’eventual efic\u00e0cia de la cloroquina en la seva prevenci\u00f3 i tractament i vam esmentar el llan\u00e7ament d’un vast assaig cl\u00ednic europeu sota el nom de Discovery<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"A principis d’aquest mes de juny ens trobem amb un nou fet que commou els fonaments de la comunitat cient\u00edfica, descrit per Gilbert Deray<\/strong>, de l’Hospital de la Pietat-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re<\/strong> de Par\u00eds com “un gran esc\u00e0ndol, molt nociu per a la comunitat cient\u00edfica”. Un estudi publicat el passat 22 de maig a la reconeguda revista internacional de medicina “The Lancet”<\/strong> amb el t\u00edtol “Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for a treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis”<\/strong>, signat per Mandeep R. Mehra<\/strong>, Sapan S. Desai<\/strong>, Franck Ruschitzka<\/strong> i Amit N. Patel<\/strong>, declarava en les seves conclusions que la hidroxicloroquina no \u00e9s beneficiosa per als malalts de Covid-19 hospitalitzats i que fins i tot pot ser nefasta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tal declaraci\u00f3 va tenir una espectacular resson\u00e0ncia planet\u00e0ria, al punt que l’OMS (Organitzaci\u00f3 Mundial de la Salut) va suspendre tots els assaigs cl\u00ednics en curs relatius als efectes de la hidroxicloroquina sobre la Covid-19. La mateixa revista “The Lancet” ha publicat pocs dies m\u00e9s tard, el dijous 5 de juny del 2020, amb el t\u00edtol “Retraction-Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for a treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis”<\/strong>, una rectificaci\u00f3 signada per tres dels quatre autors de l’article publicat el passat 22 de maig a la mateixa revista. S\u00f3n Mehra, del Brigham and Women’s Hospital<\/strong> de Boston, Ruschitzka i Patel. El quart autor, Desai, \u00e9s director de Surgisphere<\/strong>, jove empresa amb seu a Chicago que es presenta com una organitzaci\u00f3 de servei p\u00fablic i que fa servir una plataforma intel\u00b7ligent d’an\u00e0lisi de dades anomenada Quartz Clinica<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

La ra\u00f3 oficialment declarada pels tres autors de la retractaci\u00f3 \u00e9s la impossibilitat de garantir la veracitat de l’origen de les dades, a causa del rebuig per la cambra autor de permetre l’acc\u00e9s a les bases de dades en qu\u00e8 es basava l’estudi. El pretext declarat per Surgisphere per no revelar l’origen de les dades de 96.000 pacients de 671 hospitals, ingressats en el per\u00edode entre desembre i abril, sobre els quals es fundava l’assaig cl\u00ednic, invoca els acords de confidencialitat establerts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aquest episodi ha motivat que l’OMS hagi decidit oferir immediatament el seu acord per a la represa dels assaigs cl\u00ednics que havien estat suspesos per efecte de la primera publicaci\u00f3; en particular el vast assaig europeu Discovery, coordinat per Yazdan Yazdanpanah<\/strong>, director del servei de malalties infeccioses de l’Hospital AP-HP Bichat<\/strong> de Par\u00eds. En aquest assaig participen m\u00e9s de 3.200 pacients de Covid-19 amb s\u00edmptomes greus de set pa\u00efsos: Fran\u00e7a, B\u00e8lgica, Pa\u00efsos Baixos, Luxemburg, Gran Bretanya, Alemanya i Espanya.<\/span><\/p>\n

La revista “The Lancet” ha presentat p\u00fablicament les seves excuses, afirma prendre molt seriosament els aspectes d’integritat cient\u00edfica i considera urgent una avaluaci\u00f3 d’eventuals ulteriors col\u00b7laboracions amb l’empresa Surgisphere. Una altra reconeguda revista, “The New England Journal of Medicine”<\/strong>, ha anunciat tamb\u00e9 la rectificaci\u00f3 d’altres treballs publicats. Stephen Evans<\/strong>, de la London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine<\/strong> de Londres ha declarat la seva esperan\u00e7a que “nous resultats d’assajos cre\u00efbles estiguin aviat disponibles”, i Deray ha declarat que aquest assumpte constitueix “un gran esc\u00e0ndol, molt nociu per a la comunitat cient\u00edfica “.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

En aquesta situaci\u00f3, mentre a Fran\u00e7a Didier Raoult<\/strong>, director de l’Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire M\u00e9dit\u00e9rran\u00e9e<\/strong> (IHU<\/strong>) de Marsella, defensa amb els seus resultats l’efic\u00e0cia de la poc costosa cloroquina en el tractament de la primera fase de la infecci\u00f3 per Covid-19, a la Gran Bretanya, Martin Landray<\/strong>, de la Universitat d’Oxford<\/strong>, declara que la cloroquina “no \u00e9s un tractament contra la Covid”. “No funciona, podem interrompre aquest tractament, perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s in\u00fatil”, insisteix. I explica que ha decidit fer p\u00fablics “aquests resultats preliminars perqu\u00e8 impliquen conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies importants per al tractament dels pacients i per a la sanitat p\u00fablica”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cal recordar que l’assaig cl\u00ednic Recovery<\/strong> \u00e9s un estudi cl\u00ednic controlat i sobre m\u00e9s de 11.000 pacients escollits per sorteig, de 175 hospitals, per valorar l’efic\u00e0cia de diferents tractaments contra la Covid. Dels 11.000 pacients, 1.542 pacients han rebut hidroxicloroquina i han estat comparats amb 3.132 pacients tractats de manera tradicional.<\/span><\/p>\n

El rerefons que pot contribuir a comprendre aquestes grans maniobres de manipulaci\u00f3 i fins i tot de falsejament d’informaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica poden ser els enormes interessos i especulacions financeres i bors\u00e0ries, aix\u00ed com les maniobres d’hegemonia pol\u00edtica i de poder a escala internacional, sota pretext de la Covid-19. Entre les noves ter\u00e0pies en curs d’assaig hi ha el Remdesivir<\/strong> de l’empresa californiana Gilead Sciences<\/strong> i la vacuna en curs d’assaig per una altra empresa nord-americana: Moderna Therapeutics<\/strong>. Despr\u00e9s de l’anunci de “resultats prometedors” de la seva vacuna en curs d’estudi, el seu valor de mercat es va disparar un 30% a l’inici de juny de 2020 i va augmentar en els dies successius a 29.000 milions de d\u00f2lars.<\/span><\/p>\n

Segons els registres de la Comissi\u00f3 de Borsa i Valors<\/strong> (SEC<\/strong>, per les sigles en angl\u00e8s) que van ser revisats per CNN Business<\/strong>, a principis de juny de 2020 el president financer i el director m\u00e8dic de Moderna van executar opcions i van vendre accions bors\u00e0ries combinades per gaireb\u00e9 30 milions de d\u00f2lars. Lorence Kim<\/strong>, president financer, va exercir 241.000 opcions per tres milions de d\u00f2lars. Despr\u00e9s, les va vendre immediatament per 19,8 milions, amb un guany de 16,8 milions. A l’endem\u00e0, Tal Zaks<\/strong>, director m\u00e8dic, va gastar 1,5 milions de d\u00f2lars per posar en efecte les seves opcions. Immediatament va vendre les accions per 9.770.000 de d\u00f2lars, generant un guany de 8,2 milions de d\u00f2lars.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ram\u00f3n

Dr. Ram\u00f3n Ricardo Vidal y Plana<\/p><\/div>\n

Les vendes es van fer despr\u00e9s que Moderna Therapeutics entusiasm\u00e9s a Wall Street<\/strong> abans que obrissin els mercats en anunciar resultats prometedors als assajos de la vacuna que desenvolupa contra la Covid-19. Despr\u00e9s de disparar-se als 87 d\u00f2lars, el preu de l’acci\u00f3 de Moderna va disminuir a menys de 70 d\u00f2lars a mesura que experts metges van debatre la import\u00e0ncia real de les primeres troballes. Tenallada per grans maniobres per la conquesta de poder pol\u00edtic i econ\u00f2mic, la recerca de la veritat, que ha de ser l’objectiu i el deure de tot cient\u00edfic, apareix avui greument compromesa.<\/span><\/p>\n

L’acad\u00e8mic angl\u00e8s cofundador de l’University College<\/strong> de Londres Jeremy Bentham<\/strong> (1748-1832), al seu llibre “Deontology or the Science of Morality”<\/strong> (Deontologia o ci\u00e8ncia de la moralitat), publicat el 1834, va definir l’\u00e8tica professional o deontologia professional com la branca de l’\u00e8tica aplicada que t\u00e9 el prop\u00f2sit d’establir els deures dels qui exerceixen una professi\u00f3. L’\u00e8tica o deontologia no imposa sancions legals o normatives. Tot i aix\u00ed, l’\u00e8tica professional pot estar, en certa mesura, en els codis legals que regulen una activitat professional. La deontologia tamb\u00e9 forma part del que es coneix com a \u00e8tica normativa i presenta una s\u00e8rie de principis i regles de compliment obligatori.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avui, m\u00e9s que mai, en aquests temps turbulents, la consideraci\u00f3 i aplicaci\u00f3 del concepte de deontologia definit fa gaireb\u00e9 dos segles per Bentham apareix com a criteri imprescindible per a la investigaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica i la publicaci\u00f3 dels resultats obtinguts, i una exig\u00e8ncia fonamental per al futur de la nostra societat.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ram\u00f3n Ricardo Vidal y Plana Doctor en Ci\u00e8ncias Biol\u00f2giques i Farmacologia Aplicada, especialista en Biologia Molecular (Organitzaci\u00f3 Europea de Biologia Molecular-Universitat de Troms\u00f6) i acad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED) Ram\u00f3n Ricardo Vidal y Plana, acad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED), reflexiona en aquest article […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":91390,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[268,275,273],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-91443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-coronavirus-des-del-coneixement","category-educacio-etica-i-valors","category-salut","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nDeontologia en temps de Covid-19. 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