{"id":89227,"date":"2020-03-31T22:04:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-31T22:04:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=89227"},"modified":"2020-03-31T22:04:19","modified_gmt":"2020-03-31T22:04:19","slug":"biodefensa-davant-de-pandemies-i-bioterrorisme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/biodefensa-davant-de-pandemies-i-bioterrorisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodefensa davant de pand\u00e8mies i bioterrorisme"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alejandro S\u00e1nchez Barreiro<\/strong><\/em>
\nProfessor de la Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia de la Universitat de Santiago de Compostel\u00b7la<\/em>
\nAcad\u00e8mic electe de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

Extracte del discurs d’ingr\u00e9s a la Reial Acad\u00e8mia d’Alejandro S\u00e1nchez Barreiro, amb el t\u00edtol “<\/span>Nanotecnolog\u00eda farmac\u00e9utica, comunicaci\u00f3n y gesti\u00f3n de la propiedad industrial como nuevos elementos en el planteamiento de la biodefensa frente a pandemias y bioterrorismo”.<\/em><\/p>\n

(…)<\/p>\n

En primer lloc, m’agradaria cridar l’atenci\u00f3 sobre el fet que l’\u00faltim llibre que he escrit, amb un contingut sobre el que versa precisament el present discurs, ha estat dipositat per a la seva edici\u00f3 abans que tingu\u00e9ssim coneixement que un virus es disposava a irrompre ales nostres vides d’una forma tan dram\u00e0tica…<\/p>\n

(…)<\/p>\n

Per il\u00b7lustrar el potencial perill que representa la manca de protecci\u00f3 enfront d’alguns agents infecciosos podem recordar no nom\u00e9s que el terme virus ha estat pres del terme llat\u00ed per designar ver\u00ed, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 que autors han definit els virus com “un tros d’\u00e0cid nucleic envoltat de males not\u00edcies”. I, com sabem, tant en el cas de pand\u00e8mies que sorgeixin de manera natural o b\u00e9 intencionada, no estem parlant d’amenaces recents ni tampoc d’amenaces que no representin una prioritat. Ja el 2007 l’OMS<\/strong> indicava que “seria pecar de gran ingenu\u00eftat i exc\u00e9s de confian\u00e7a suposar que no sorgir\u00e0 tard o d’hora una altra malaltia com la sida, la febre hemorr\u00e0gica de l’ebola o la s\u00edndrome respirat\u00f2ria aguda severa”, de manera que l’aparici\u00f3 d’una pand\u00e8mia segueix sent nom\u00e9s q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de temps. Aix\u00ed i nom\u00e9s per al cas d’una possible pand\u00e8mia per grip l’OMS ja havia advertit que “la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 no \u00e9s saber si hi haur\u00e0 una nova pand\u00e8mia de grip, sin\u00f3 quan passar\u00e0. Hem de mantenir la vigil\u00e0ncia i preparar-nos, perqu\u00e8 el cost d’una gran epid\u00e8mia ser\u00e0 molt superior al de la prevenci\u00f3”.<\/p>\n

Tals advert\u00e8ncies s’uneixen a les que des de fa anys v\u00e9nen indicant que no est\u00e0vem preparats per a la propera pand\u00e8mia. Aix\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 ha estat recordat el 2017 per Bill Gates<\/strong> a la Confer\u00e8ncia Anual de Munic<\/strong> sobre seguretat, advertint que haur\u00edem de preparar-nos davant d’una epid\u00e8mia com els militars es preparen davant d’una guerra. I aix\u00f2 inclou estar preparats per a la gesti\u00f3 d’agents infecciosos i la realitzaci\u00f3 d’altres exercicis tendents a millorar la gesti\u00f3 de la propagaci\u00f3, la resposta de la poblaci\u00f3 i aspectes estructurals com ara el manteniment dels sistemes de comunicacions i mitjans de transport. \u00c9s a dir, que ens cal desenvolupar convenientment la biodefensa, entenent com a tal l’accepci\u00f3 que recull la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina<\/strong> de l’Institut de Salut dels Estats Units<\/strong>, que indica que “la biodefensa fa servir mesures m\u00e8diques per protegir les persones contra els agents biol\u00f2gics, incloent medicines i vacunes. Tamb\u00e9 inclou investigacions i preparatius metges per defensar-se contra atacs bioterroristes”.<\/p>\n

Ara b\u00e9, com passa amb el fenomen de les emissions contaminants, de res no val que uns pa\u00efsos s’esforcin per fer aven\u00e7os en l’\u00e0mbit de la biodefensa si altres no arriben ni a cobrar consci\u00e8ncia de el problema. I temps hi ha hagut per a aix\u00f2, doncs ja un informe de l’OMS del 2007 assenyalava que el perill que representen les malalties emergents \u00e9s universal, indicant que “cap pa\u00eds est\u00e0 autom\u00e0ticament protegit -per la seva riquesa, els seus alts nivells d’educaci\u00f3, de vida i d’atenci\u00f3 de salut, o els mitjans materials i humans dels seus llocs fronterers- de l’arribada d’una malaltia nova al seu territori o de les pertorbacions que aix\u00f2 pot causar”.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00ed, s’ha identificat a la s\u00edndrome respirat\u00f2ria aguda severa com a exemple il\u00b7lustratiu d’una malaltia de centres urbans pr\u00f2spers. Al contrari del que es preveia, en l’\u00faltima i afortunadament resolta crisi deguda a aquesta s\u00edndrome, on m\u00e9s efica\u00e7ment es va propagar va ser als hospitals ultramoderns de ciutats. Aix\u00ed mateix, segons l’informe, “una crisi sanit\u00e0ria que aparegui de sobte en determinat lloc pot convertir-se en tot just unes hores en una emerg\u00e8ncia de salut p\u00fablica en qualsevol altre punt de la planeta”.<\/p>\n

En definitiva, si un pa\u00eds gestiona indegudament un brot i propicia l’aparici\u00f3 d’un virus pand\u00e8mic, tots els pa\u00efsos del m\u00f3n poden patir les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies. Per aix\u00f2 i com assenyala l’Institut Espanyol d’Estudis Estrat\u00e8gics<\/strong>, “la principal lli\u00e7\u00f3 \u00e9s considerar l’aparici\u00f3 de malalties infeccioses com un problema que afecta la seguretat internacional. D’aquesta manera, la resposta ha de ser coordinada a nivell mundial amb independ\u00e8ncia de el lloc geogr\u00e0fic de l’aparici\u00f3 del brot. Per oferir aquesta resposta coordinada cal fomentar els tres pilars sobre els quals s’ha d’assentar la lluita contra les epid\u00e8mies i les pand\u00e8mies: la prevenci\u00f3, la detecci\u00f3 i la resposta”.<\/p>\n

L’informe abans citat de l’OMS tamb\u00e9 assenyala, a manera d’av\u00eds als navegants que, entre els elements que han fet cr\u00e9ixer el risc que es produeixin brots de malalties, es troben alguns de m\u00e0xima actualitat, com el comportament de l’home, l’\u00fas de la terra i l’evoluci\u00f3 del clima i els ecosistemes. Aix\u00ed mateix conclou amb recomanacions com el “lliure intercanvi de coneixements, tecnologies i material, inclosos virus i altres mostres de laboratori, necessaris per a optimitzar la seguretat de la salut p\u00fablica mundial”. M\u00e9s recentment l’OMS assenyala, en la presentaci\u00f3 de la seva “Estrat\u00e8gia mundial contra la grip 2019-2030”<\/strong>, que un dels objectius a assolir \u00e9s el d’elaborar millors instruments d’abast mundial per prevenir, detectar, controlar i tractar la grip, com vacunes, antiv\u00edrics i tractaments m\u00e9s efica\u00e7os, per tal de garantir que tots els pa\u00efsos hi tinguin acc\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

(…)<\/p>\n

Fent balan\u00e7 de tot l’anteriorment exposat, crec que podem concloure, en contra del que es creu, que no existeixen aproximacions convencionals que actualment puguem emprar o adaptar per dur a terme la gesti\u00f3 de pand\u00e8mies o casos de bioterrorisme amb unes m\u00ednimes garanties de no ser desbordats. Aquesta actual manca de previsi\u00f3 i preparaci\u00f3 davant de pand\u00e8mies o bioterrorisme a escala global no nom\u00e9s es deu a el complex escenari descrit, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9, com veiem, a la manca de sensibilitat i atenci\u00f3 de les pol\u00edtiques sobre aquests aspectes.<\/p>\n

Per aix\u00f2 no \u00e9s estrany que, a falta no nom\u00e9s de mitjans, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 d’identificaci\u00f3 de possibles objectius, l’OMS hagi incl\u00f2s el 2018, a causa de l’abs\u00e8ncia o insufici\u00e8ncia de contramesures sanit\u00e0ries, a la malaltia pel virus de l’ebola, altres febres hemorr\u00e0giques, la malaltia pel virus de zika, la s\u00edndrome respirat\u00f2ria de l’Orient Mitj\u00e0 per coronavirus, la s\u00edndrome respirat\u00f2ria aguda severa i una anomenada malaltia X, entenent com a tal a una greu epid\u00e8mia internacional causada per un patogen “desconegut”, d’origen incert per\u00f2 impacte m\u00e9s que probable i davant el qual haur\u00edem de preparar-nos.<\/p>\n

Per ara i a falta d’aclarir la inc\u00f2gnita X tot aix\u00f2 ens porta a concloure que s\u00ed que cal fer, de manera programada i no quan tinguem el problema a sobre, m\u00e9s investigaci\u00f3 sobre el desenvolupament de mesures de protecci\u00f3 de la poblaci\u00f3 i, a m\u00e9s, a desenvolupar amb car\u00e0cter extremadament urgent, per\u00f2 sempre assegurant que aquesta investigaci\u00f3 tingui presents els aspectes cr\u00edtics que he vingut assenyalant. En aquest sentit, la gran diversitat de mol\u00e8cules bioactives amb potencial ocupaci\u00f3 per aconseguir aquesta protecci\u00f3 fa tan dif\u00edcil com desitjable el disseny d’adjuvants i\/o vehicles que, per la seva versatilitat, puguin servir com a plataformes base per a l’esmentat desenvolupament en general i no siguin de aplicaci\u00f3 limitada a una \u00fanica mol\u00e8cula bioactiva. La nanotecnologia presenta gran potencial en aquest context.<\/p>\n

(…)<\/p>\n

M’agradaria finalitzar llan\u00e7ant un missatge de confian\u00e7a doncs, en definitiva, crec que si les pol\u00edtiques futures mostren una especial sensibilitat cap als riscos derivats d’una pand\u00e8mia o bioterrorisme, com sembla que en alguns pa\u00efsos ja est\u00e0 passant davant de fen\u00f2mens com el canvi clim\u00e0tic, podrem preparar-nos per a la realitzaci\u00f3 de campanyes urgents, massives i globals de protecci\u00f3, sobretot tenint en compte les perspectives que ofereix l’explotaci\u00f3 del potencial de camps com, entre d’altres, el de la nanotecnologia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alejandro S\u00e1nchez Barreiro Professor de la Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia de la Universitat de Santiago de Compostel\u00b7la Acad\u00e8mic electe de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED) Extracte del discurs d’ingr\u00e9s a la Reial Acad\u00e8mia d’Alejandro S\u00e1nchez Barreiro, amb el t\u00edtol “Nanotecnolog\u00eda farmac\u00e9utica, comunicaci\u00f3n y gesti\u00f3n de la propiedad industrial como nuevos elementos en el […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":89110,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[268,273],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-89227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-coronavirus-des-del-coneixement","category-salut","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nBiodefensa davant de pand\u00e8mies i bioterrorisme - 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