{"id":176845,"date":"2025-12-07T13:30:20","date_gmt":"2025-12-07T13:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=176845"},"modified":"2025-12-07T13:30:20","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T13:30:20","slug":"la-geoestrategia-de-les-terres-rares","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/la-geoestrategia-de-les-terres-rares\/","title":{"rendered":"La geoestrat\u00e8gia de les terres rares"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"August

Dr. August Corominas<\/p><\/div>\n

August Corominas<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, professor de Fisiologia Humana de la Universitat de M\u00farcia<\/strong> i de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mic em\u00e8rit de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors<\/strong> (RAED), comparteix amb la comunitat acad\u00e8mica l’article “Geoestrat\u00e8gia de les terres rares”<\/strong>, en qu\u00e8 que aborda un dels aspectes claus de la geopol\u00edtica actual i els nous pols de poder mundial.\u00a0L’acad\u00e8mic ha compartit recentment en aquesta publicaci\u00f3 els articles Els secrets de la longevitat i les ‘zones blaves’<\/strong><\/a>, “Atenci\u00f3 a les caigudes, de nit i de dia”<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0“La bona vida i la vida bona”<\/strong><\/a>, “Vida biol\u00f2gica i Vida Qu\u00e0ntica”<\/strong><\/a>, “Hospitals intel\u00b7ligents”<\/strong><\/a>, “Cosmon\u00e0utica i medicina espacial”<\/strong><\/a>, “El maltractament i la seva gesti\u00f3”<\/strong><\/a>, “Biologia qu\u00e0ntica”<\/strong><\/a>, “El negre de Banyoles (boixim\u00e0 o hotentot)”<\/strong><\/a>, “Polidact\u00edlia”<\/strong><\/a>, “Adolesc\u00e8ncia, edat cr\u00edtica de la vida humana”<\/strong><\/a>, “Les sirenes, il\u00b7lusi\u00f3 de navegants i homes de mar”<\/strong><\/a>, “Alimentaci\u00f3 b\u00edblica: aliments purs i aliments impurs”<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0“Els fam\u00e8lics de Gaza”<\/strong><\/a>, “Sexologia a l’adolesc\u00e8ncia i a la somatopausa: (andropausa i menopausa)<\/strong><\/a>, “Ciberatacs, ciberguerra i ciberseguretat”<\/strong><\/a>, “Refugiats”<\/strong><\/a> i “La maldat humana”<\/strong><\/a>. A m\u00e9s \u00e9s autor d’un dels cap\u00edtols del llibre “Vitalidad al envejecer. Si lo deseas, puedes vivir m\u00e1s a\u00f1os con salud”<\/strong>, editat per la Reial Corporaci\u00f3 amb el suport de Vichy Catal\u00e1n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Geoestrat\u00e8gia de les terres rares<\/h2>\n

Els minerals de terres rares (tamb\u00e9 coneguts com a elements de terres rares o REE, per les seves sigles en angl\u00e8s, Rare Earth Elements) s\u00f3n un grup de 17 elements qu\u00edmics que inclouen els 15 elements lant\u00e0nids m\u00e9s l’escandi i l’itri. Aquests elements s\u00f3n essencials en la fabricaci\u00f3 de molts dispositius electr\u00f2nics, imants, bateries, i altres tecnologies avan\u00e7ades.<\/p>\n

El terme terres rares t\u00e9 el seu origen al segle XIX, quan aquests minerals van ser primer identificats, per\u00f2 no compresos completament. El 1794, el qu\u00edmic suec\u00a0Carl Axel Arrhenius<\/strong> va descobrir un mineral negre anomenat ytterbita, que contenia una subst\u00e0ncia desconeguda. Aquest mineral va ser trobat a la localitat de Ytterby, Su\u00e8cia, d’aqu\u00ed el nom d’alguns dels elements, com l’ytterbi i el terbi. El 1842, el qu\u00edmic su\u00eds Friedrich W\u00f6hler<\/strong> va a\u00efllar el primer element de terres rares, el ceri, a partir d’un mineral anomenat cerita.<\/p>\n

Durant el segle XIX es van anar descobrint altres elements de terres rares. Tot i aix\u00f2, malgrat els aven\u00e7os, aquests elements es consideraven rars en el sentit que eren dif\u00edcils de trobar en prou concentracions per ser d’inter\u00e8s comercial o industrial. La primera identificaci\u00f3 d’un element de terres rares, la c\u00e8ria, va ser seguida per l’a\u00efllament d’altres com el lant\u00e0 i el neodimi.<\/p>\n

A mesura que avan\u00e7ava el segle XX, l’inter\u00e8s pels elements de terres rares va cr\u00e9ixer, especialment a causa de la seva import\u00e0ncia a l’electr\u00f2nica i les tecnologies de defensa. A la d\u00e8cada del 1960, amb l’auge de la tecnologia d’imants permanents i dispositius electr\u00f2nics, va comen\u00e7ar una explotaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s significativa d’aquests elements.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e8cada del 1980 va ser fonamental per al creixement de la demanda de terres rares, quan el seu \u00fas es va disparar en la fabricaci\u00f3 d’imants permanents, bateries recarregables, i especialment en la ind\u00fastria de l’electr\u00f2nica de consum. Elements com el neodimi i el disprosi van comen\u00e7ar a ser crucials per a la fabricaci\u00f3 de discos durs, tel\u00e8fons m\u00f2bils, i altres dispositius.<\/p>\n

A partir de la d\u00e8cada del 1990, la Xina va comen\u00e7ar a dominar la producci\u00f3 mundial de terres rares. A comen\u00e7aments dels anys 2000, la Xina controlava m\u00e9s del 90% de l’oferta mundial de terres rares, un fet que li atorgava una gran influ\u00e8ncia sobre els mercats internacionals i un avantatge estrat\u00e8gic. Aix\u00f2 es va convertir en un tema geopol\u00edtic, especialment en el context de la cadena de subministrament de dispositius electr\u00f2nics i tecnologies avan\u00e7ades, i va portar a molts pa\u00efsos, inclosos Estats Units, el Jap\u00f3 i la Uni\u00f3 Europea, a buscar alternatives per assegurar el seu subministrament.<\/p>\n

Malgrat la gran demanda d’aquests minerals, la mineria i el processament de terres rares s\u00f3n processos ambientalment destructius. Les mines de terres rares generen grans quantitats de residus t\u00f2xics i, sovint, el proc\u00e9s d’extracci\u00f3 d\u00f3na lloc a greus impactes ambientals. Al llarg dels \u00faltims anys, ha crescut l’inter\u00e8s per trobar m\u00e8todes m\u00e9s sostenibles d’extracci\u00f3 i reciclatge de terres rares, aix\u00ed com per desenvolupar fonts alternatives, inclosos els esfor\u00e7os per extreure aquests elements de fonts no convencionals com els sediments marins.<\/p>\n

Usos principals dels minerals de terres rares:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Electr\u00f2nica: es fan serrvir en pantalles LCD, tel\u00e8fons m\u00f2bils, televisors i computadores.<\/li>\n
  • Electromagnetisme: els imants de neodimi s\u00f3n essencials en motors el\u00e8ctrics d\u2019alta efici\u00e8ncia, discos durs i generadors d’energia e\u00f2lica.<\/li>\n
  • Bateries: es fan servir en bateries recarregables, com les que s’utilitzen en vehicles el\u00e8ctrics i dispositius electr\u00f2nics port\u00e0tils.<\/li>\n
  • Tecnologia militar: es fan servir en sistemes de comunicaci\u00f3, radars i sat\u00e8l\u00b7lits.<\/li>\n
  • Catalitzadors: els elements de terres rares s’utilitzen en la refinaci\u00f3 de petroli i en catalitzadors per a vehicles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \"\"Ucra\u00efna t\u00e9 una quantitat significativa de minerals cr\u00edtics i terres rares essencials per a la tecnologia moderna i les energies renovables. Segons dades del govern ucra\u00efn\u00e8s, el pa\u00eds acull dip\u00f2sits de 22 dels 34 minerals identificats com cr\u00edtics per la Uni\u00f3 Europea, incloent-hi terres rares com a lant\u00e0, ceri, neodimi, erbi i itri.<\/p>\n

    Tot i aix\u00f2, l’explotaci\u00f3 d’aquests recursos s’ha vist obstaculitzada per diversos factors. S’estima que fins al 53% del valor total dels minerals cr\u00edtics ucra\u00efnesos es troba en territoris ocupats per R\u00fassia, principalment a les regions de Donetsk i Luhansk. La falta d’inversi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica al sector miner de terres rares ha donat com a resultat una infraestructura insuficient per a l’extracci\u00f3 i processament d’aquests minerals. Aix\u00ed mateix, l’extracci\u00f3 de terres rares pot tenir impactes ecol\u00f2gics significatius, la qual cosa requereix tecnologies d’extracci\u00f3 sostenibles i avaluacions ambientals rigoroses.<\/p>\n

    Malgrat aquests desafiaments, la creixent demanda global de minerals cr\u00edtics ha portat Ucra\u00efna a explorar associacions internacionals per desenvolupar el seu sector miner. Tot i aix\u00f2, la viabilitat d’aquests projectes dep\u00e8n de l’estabilitat regional, inversions en infraestructura i la implementaci\u00f3 de pr\u00e0ctiques d’extracci\u00f3 responsables.<\/p>\n

    Conclusi\u00f3:<\/h3>\n

    La hist\u00f2ria dels minerals de terres rares reflecteix el seu descobriment i evoluci\u00f3 de ser un element rar i de poc inter\u00e8s, a convertir-se en una pe\u00e7a clau en el desenvolupament tecnol\u00f2gic mundial. Avui dia, la seva import\u00e0ncia continua creixent a causa del seu paper fonamental a les tecnologies d’energia neta, electr\u00f2nica i defensa. Tot i aix\u00f2, el domini de la producci\u00f3 d’aquests elements per part de certs pa\u00efsos i els desafiaments ambientals associats amb la seva extracci\u00f3 han generat una creixent preocupaci\u00f3 i esfor\u00e7 per part de la comunitat internacional per diversificar el seu subministrament i reduir l’impacte ambiental.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    August Corominas aborda un dels aspectes claus de la geopol\u00edtica actual i els nous pols de poder mundial, a l’article “Geoestrategia de las tierras raras”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":176945,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[350,436,380,233,325,242,310,354,413],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-176845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciencies-politiques","category-computacio","category-conflictes-bellics","category-economiques-i-empresarials","category-enginyeria-industrial","category-categ-historia","category-medi-ambient","category-tecnologies-de-la-informacio-i-de-la-comunicacio","category-transicio-energetica-i-energies-renovables","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nLa geoestrat\u00e8gia de les terres rares - 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