{"id":117162,"date":"2022-05-04T10:51:13","date_gmt":"2022-05-04T10:51:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=117162"},"modified":"2022-05-05T11:02:34","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T11:02:34","slug":"antropofags-plaer-o-ritual","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/antropofags-plaer-o-ritual\/","title":{"rendered":"Antrop\u00f2fags: plaer o ritual?"},"content":{"rendered":"

August Corominas<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, professor de Fisiologia Humana de la Universitat de M\u00farcia<\/strong> i de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mic em\u00e8rit i membre del Senat<\/strong> de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), presenta a la comunitat acad\u00e8mica el seu article “Antropof\u00e0gia”<\/strong> , que signa al costat del recordat Josep Maria Corominas<\/strong>. A l’\u00e0mbit dels estudis prehist\u00f2rics i antropol\u00f2gics, l’acad\u00e8mic ha publicat en aquesta mateixa newsletter l’estudi “La paleonutrici\u00f3 i l’origen de la dieta mediterr\u00e0nia”<\/strong>, recollit en dues parts (llegir-ne la primera part<\/strong><\/a>, llegir-ne la segona part<\/strong><\/a>)<\/p>\n

Antropof\u00e0gia<\/h3>\n

Durant el Paleol\u00edtic mitj\u00e0 hi ha els primers \u00edndexs d’antropof\u00e0gia. \u00bfCom ha pogut sorgir la idea de menjar-se els mateixos individus humans? Considerem que el costum es va iniciar en menjar-se els cervells i la medul\u00b7la \u00f2ssia dels animals, siguin herb\u00edvors o carn\u00edvors, conduiria a la humanitat a la conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia que tamb\u00e9 seria comestible l’enc\u00e8fal i els molls dels altres homes, i m\u00e9s si eren enemics o morts en combat, per aix\u00f2 van ser inclosos dins una alimentaci\u00f3 accidental les restes dels que morien sota una acci\u00f3 violenta en lluita o accidental.<\/p>\n

Pensem que la idea primordial seria assimilar el sistema nervi\u00f3s i medul\u00b7lar, en cru, i que m\u00e9s tard assimilarien com a etapa posterior el sistema muscular. Per aix\u00f2 es troben restes \u00f2ssies a les excavacions, amb els ossos del crani i els ossos llargs.<\/p>\n

La idea psicol\u00f2gica que assimilaci\u00f3 d’un determinat animal proporciona a l’individu que la consumeix, les caracter\u00edstiques vitals m\u00e9s centrades que ells aprecien, condueixen com a norma l\u00f2gica que l’assimilaci\u00f3 de carns o productes org\u00e0nics d’\u00e9ssers humans, que en part reconeixen com a \u00e9ssers superiors, els han de proporcionar una superioritat, m\u00e9s alta que la seva pr\u00f2pia. En el fons, \u00e9s el reconeixement d’una inferioritat personal, que creu que es pot superar mitjan\u00e7ant una nutrici\u00f3 d’un altre \u00e9sser de categoria m\u00e9s elevada.<\/p>\n

Es distingeixen tres tipus d’antropologia: la primera, canibalisme, que ocasiona la mort violenta d’un altre home per menjar carns i \u00f2rgans interns. Aquest pot ser un costum tribal. Hi ha un altre tipus de canibalisme obligat en circumst\u00e0ncies especial\u00edssimes quan no es t\u00e9 totalment altres aliments.<\/p>\n

La segona \u00e9s la necrof\u00e0gia, que consisteix a menjar-se la carn i fins i tot els ossos dels membres morts de mort natural de la seva mateixa tribu, per evitar la putrefacci\u00f3 dels seus cad\u00e0vers i assimilar les virtuts del desaparegut.<\/p>\n

I la tercera l’antropof\u00e0gia ritual, que \u00e9s la m\u00e9s comuna de totes. Forma part d’un ritu m\u00e0gic-religi\u00f3s-terap\u00e8utic. \u00c9s un ritu complex i \u00e9s el mag de la tribu el que indica qui, com i en quines circumst\u00e0ncies el subjecte consumir\u00e0 la carn. Cal esperar disposar d’un cad\u00e0ver adequat per a la cerim\u00f2nia. Generalment, s’administra una part de les fibres musculars de les natges o les cuixes.<\/p>\n

Les restes humanes del Sinanthoropus de Choukou-Tien serien els primers registres antrop\u00f2fags, ja que s’hi han vist que existia un engrandiment artificial del forat occipital per extreure el cervell i fractures intencionades en les di\u00e0fisis dels f\u00e8murs per extreure la medul\u00b7la.<\/p>\n

Sonneville-Bordas<\/strong> creu que la troballa de molts dels ossos humans de Neandertal poden ser atribu\u00efts al canibalisme o culte al crani. El crani de la muntanya Circeo descansava a terra envoltat d’un cercle de pedra i d’ossos d’animals. Un altre crani tenia una ferida a l’arc surciliar i el forat occipital engrandit com per haver estat tret el cervell. A la Quina, les restes estaven escampades, trencades en petits trossos. A Krapina hi havia una desena de cranis dispersos, alguns fragments cranials estaven calcinats i hi havia fragments de mand\u00edbules i 144 dents a\u00efllades.<\/p>\n

Henry de Lumley<\/strong>, a les excavacions efectuades a la cova de l’Hortus troba nombroses restes humanes molt fragmentades i repartides per tota la cova. Despr\u00e9s d’examinar les possibilitats de si es tractaria d’antigues sepultures remogudes o de cad\u00e0vers abandonats a la superf\u00edcie del s\u00f2l i que les hienes haguessin escampat va arribar a la certesa que no eren aquestes circumst\u00e0ncies, sin\u00f3 a la conclusi\u00f3 que eren a causa de l’antropof\u00e0gia.<\/p>\n

Queda la possibilitat que siguin restes de cuina. Efectivament, les dades estad\u00edstiques del nombre de dents, falange, ep\u00edfisi i di\u00e0fisi trencades guarda la mateixa proporci\u00f3 dels ossos humans amb els dels animals, d’aqu\u00ed que s’inclina per la pr\u00e0ctica d’un canibalisme, els ossos llargs humans estan partits longitudinalment com els dels animals per rescatar la medul\u00b7la \u00f2ssia. Es van considerar en aquesta cova dues mand\u00edbules Neandertals, una de nen i una altra d’adult, falanges, falangines, v\u00e8rtebres lumbars i unes 50 dents a\u00efllades.<\/p>\n

A l’abric sota roca de Krapina a Cro\u00e0cia s’han descobert m\u00e9s de 500 fragments ossis neandertallencs, trencats i cremats, 10 ossos llargs havien estat oberts al llarg.<\/p>\n

\"August

Dr. August Corominas<\/p><\/div>\n

Henri Martin<\/strong>, a la cova de la Quina (Charente), va descobrir ossos humans trencats i dispersos, d’individus diferents, que no formaven sepultura, cosa que el va induir a admetre que es tractava de canibalisme. Vallois tamb\u00e9 arriba a la mateixa idea del canibalisme en estudiar els ossos humans de la cova Montseprou. A les mateixes conclusions s’arriba a la cova de Puymoyen a Charente. A la cova de Crouzade hi ha poques restes humanes consistents en un h\u00famer esquerre d’un adolescent i dues falanges. A m\u00e9s a m\u00e9s tamb\u00e9 es poden citar les restes d’antropof\u00e0gia trobades a Taubach-Ehringsdorf (Weimar).<\/p>\n

Sobre el problema de si l’antropof\u00e0gia \u00e9s \u00fanicament un ritual o \u00e9s originada per un d\u00e8ficit d’aliments proteics, completem aquestes notes dient que els antics asteques precolombins practicaven sovint sacrificis humans, lliurant-se despr\u00e9s a l’antropof\u00e0gia. S’ha suposat que el canibalisme era obligat per la gana d’una alimentaci\u00f3 insuficient.<\/p>\n

Els estudis realitzats per Ortiz de Montellanos<\/strong> demostren que els antrop\u00f2fags asteques \u00fanicament menjaven la carn de bra\u00e7os i cames que representen a l’hora de ser ingerides nom\u00e9s 1,81 quilos. Que per a una poblaci\u00f3 tan nombrosa com la centreamericana era una aportaci\u00f3 proteica ben insignificant. L’autor considera que l’antropof\u00e0gia t\u00e9 un significat ritual i religi\u00f3s m\u00e9s aviat que una alimentaci\u00f3 normal. \u00c9s cert que l’alimentaci\u00f3 dels antics asteques no tenia animals herb\u00edvors dom\u00e8stics. A m\u00e9s, tenien tab\u00fas que els impedien menjar animals com la vicunya, que viu en estat salvatge. Tenien com a aliments principals el blat de moro i les mongetes. Era una dieta rica en vegetals a la qual afegien alguns animals com armadillos, serps, mosteles, ratolins, iguanes, gossos, galls dindis, c\u00e9rvols, peixos, salamandres, mosques d’aigua, escarabats d’aigua, ous, larves de lib\u00e8l\u00b7lula, etc…<\/p>\n

Actualment, hi ha diverses tribus can\u00edbals, les m\u00e9s perilloses s\u00f3n les de l’home lleopard a l’\u00c0frica Occidental, els korowai de Papua-Nova Guinea, els monjos aghori de l’\u00cdndia, els wari del Brasil i els anahuaques del Per\u00fa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Durant el Paleol\u00edtic mitj\u00e0 apareixen els primers \u00edndexs d’antropof\u00e0gia. Com ha pogut sorgir la idea de menjar-se els mateixos individus humans?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":113824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[247],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-117162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropologia-ca","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nAntrop\u00f2fags: plaer o ritual? - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Durant el Paleol\u00edtic mitj\u00e0 apareixen els primers \u00edndexs d'antropof\u00e0gia. 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