{"id":110452,"date":"2022-01-05T21:50:09","date_gmt":"2022-01-05T21:50:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=110452"},"modified":"2022-01-07T18:25:17","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T18:25:17","slug":"les-dues-biosferes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/","title":{"rendered":"Les dues biosferes"},"content":{"rendered":"

August Corominas<\/em><\/strong><\/a>
\nProfessor de la Universitat de M\u00farcia i de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona i acad\u00e8mic em\u00e8rit i membre del Senat de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

August Corominas<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, professor de Fisiologia Humana de la Universitat de M\u00farcia<\/strong> i de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mic em\u00e8rit i membre del Senat<\/strong> de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), comparteix amb la comunitat acad\u00e8mica l’article “Les dues biosferes”<\/strong>, una reflexi\u00f3 sobre els efectes que estan comportant la conjunci\u00f3 de la pand\u00e8mia de la Covid-19 i l’actual crisi clim\u00e0tica. Un article que se suma a les seves recents reflexions sobre els efectes del clima a la salut publicades tamb\u00e9 a la web de la RAED: “Efectes directes i indirectes del canvi clim\u00e0tic sobre la salut humana<\/a>“<\/strong>, “Salut humana, h\u00e0bitat i canvi clim\u00e0tic<\/a>“<\/strong>, “Emerg\u00e8ncia sanit\u00e0ria, degradaci\u00f3 ecol\u00f2gica, malaltia i mort<\/a>“<\/strong>, “Una hidrosfera contaminada”<\/a><\/strong> i “L’home, la mort i la biosfera”<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Les dues biosferes<\/h2>\n

\"\"Les dues biosferes: la biosfera protectora i amable, m\u00e0gica. Un parad\u00eds, un Ed\u00e8n, est\u00e8tica, inspiradora de pintors i artistes climatologia d’estacionalitat divertida. I la biosfera deteriorada i destructora, agressiva, espectacular, metaf\u00f2ricament furiosa i venjativa, responsable d’emerg\u00e8ncies climatol\u00f2giques. I l’home destructor d’ecosistemes i d’ecotri\u00f2pia. El concepte Gaia (deessa de la fertilitat), una hip\u00f2tesi introdu\u00efda per James Lovelock<\/strong>, interpreta el planeta Terra com a superorganisme. La biosfera \u00e9s casa nostra, la humanitat dep\u00e8n dels factors geof\u00edsics de la biosfera.<\/p>\n

La biosfera al llarg del temps ha tingut sis extincions massives. Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d’anys que t\u00e9 d’exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d’ecosistemes. Ara, precisament ara, la humanitat ho paga amb pand\u00e8mies mortals que maten milions de persones. Si seguim aix\u00ed anem cap a una apocalipsi.<\/p>\n

La biosfera ens protegeix, ens alimenta, ens proporciona l’oxigen que respirem i evita agressions de tota mena; tanmateix, les manifestacions normals dels climes produeixen patologies independentment del canvi clim\u00e0tic que hem considerat ja en altres publicacions.<\/p>\n

Hem de distingir dos vessants de la biosfera. La biosfera amable, protectora, bella, amb paisatges meravellosos tant als paisatges marins com a les immenses muntanyes, prats i boscos. Per contra, tenim la biosfera afectada pel canvi clim\u00e0tic i l’efecte hivernacle, que com si estigu\u00e9s revolucion\u00e9s explota i apareixen tota mena d’emerg\u00e8ncies clim\u00e0tica i ens castiga amb patologies importants i amb la mort: Dana, inundacions, incendis, malalties ambientals, zoonosi i molt\u00edssim m\u00e9s. \u00c9s la biosfera deteriorada sobre la qual hi ha hagut un impacte hum\u00e0 i que ha patit l’acci\u00f3 ecotr\u00f2pica dels depredadors humans, destructors de biosfera. L’ecotropia \u00e9s l\u00b4acci\u00f3 de destruir ecosistemes exprof\u00e9s. D’altra banda, la biosfera tamb\u00e9 es degrada per contaminaci\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica, bacteris, composici\u00f3 gasosa de l’atmosfera…<\/p>\n

\"August

Dr. August Corominas<\/p><\/div>\n

El 1976 vaig dirigir una monografia a la Universitat de M\u00farcia titulada “Patolog\u00eda ambiental y espacial”<\/strong> al costat d’altres professors. Posteriorment, a Barcelona vam publicar un nou tractat de patologia ambiental b\u00e0sica i aplicada amb Pedro Mart\u00ednez Carpio<\/strong> que es va utilitzar com a compendi base per a un curs del Col\u00b7legi de Metges<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

En aquest curs vam tractar de tota la fisiopatologia ambiental, adaptacional i la cronobiologia, biometeorologia i bioclimatologia, medicina aerocosmon\u00e0utica, medicina de muntanya, medicina subaqu\u00e0tica, accidents de busseig i de la descompressi\u00f3, malalties per agents f\u00edsics, canvis t\u00e8rmics, lesions per foc, radioactivitat , l\u00ednies d’alta tensi\u00f3 i malalties per agents qu\u00edmics i biol\u00f2gics. Solem separar la climatopatologia o les estacionalitats climatol\u00f2giques de les manifestacions i les seves patologies meteorol\u00f2giques biosf\u00e8riques.<\/p>\n

A les climopatologies (malalties estacionals) deferim les entitats de<\/p>\n

Primavera<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Al\u00b7l\u00e8rgies, pol\u00b7len<\/li>\n
  • Picades de serps<\/li>\n
  • Esports de primavera<\/li>\n
  • Traumatismes ciclistes i d’esqu\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Estiu<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Diarrees<\/li>\n
    • Otitis<\/li>\n
    • S\u00edndrome maniacodepressiu<\/li>\n
    • Su\u00efcidi<\/li>\n
    • Cremades solars<\/li>\n
    • Picades de medusa<\/li>\n
    • Accidents del busseig<\/li>\n
    • Accidents aeron\u00e0utics<\/li>\n
    • Zoonosi<\/li>\n
    • Patologia h\u00eddrica infecciosa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Tardor<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Grip<\/li>\n
      • Rinitis<\/li>\n
      • Pneumologia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Hivern<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Grip<\/li>\n
        • Rinitis<\/li>\n
        • Faringitis<\/li>\n
        • Pneum\u00f2nia<\/li>\n
        • Depressi\u00f3<\/li>\n
        • Biogerontologia (increment de la mort de gent gran)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Les patologies amb el clima normal s\u00f3n molt m\u00e9s banals que amb lesions posteriors a les emerg\u00e8ncies clim\u00e0tiques. Sempre recordar\u00e9 de petit a la meva \u00e0via (reum\u00e0tica cr\u00f2nica) que deia: “Aquesta tarda plour\u00e0”. I encertava. Tamb\u00e9 recordo que ens fix\u00e0vem en un ramat de vaques que abans de venir una tempesta amb electricitat es movia amb inquietud i irritaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Agents f\u00edsics<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          • Soroll<\/li>\n
          • Vibracions<\/li>\n
          • Blast (ones)<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e8rmics (hipot\u00e8rmia, hipert\u00e8rmia)<\/li>\n
          • Congelaci\u00f3<\/li>\n
          • Dolor de muntanya<\/li>\n
          • Hipox\u00e8mia. Cefalees d’al\u00e7ada<\/li>\n
          • Insolaci\u00f3. Cop de calor<\/li>\n
          • Cremades<\/li>\n
          • Electrocuci\u00f3<\/li>\n
          • Radiaci\u00f3 solar<\/li>\n
          • Radiacions ionitzants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Fisiologia del medi aqu\u00e0tic<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Hip\u00f2xia hiperb\u00e0rica<\/li>\n
            • Malaltia descompressiva<\/li>\n
            • Intoxicaci\u00f3 per oxigen comprimit<\/li>\n
            • Narcosi nitrogenada<\/li>\n
            • Accidents disb\u00e0rics<\/li>\n
            • Lesions produ\u00efdes per fauna marina<\/li>\n
            • Accidents per submersi\u00f3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Adaptaci\u00f3 a canvis t\u00e8rmics<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Radiaci\u00f3<\/li>\n
              • Conducci\u00f3<\/li>\n
              • Conveccions<\/li>\n
              • Evaporaci\u00f3<\/li>\n
              • Hipot\u00e8rmia accidental<\/li>\n
              • Hipot\u00e8rmia per immersi\u00f3<\/li>\n
              • Rampes per calor<\/li>\n
              • Insolaci\u00f3<\/li>\n
              • Cop de calor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Lesions per foc<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Elocuci\u00f3<\/li>\n
                • Fulguraci\u00f3<\/li>\n
                • Cremades t\u00e8rmiques, qu\u00edmiques o el\u00e8ctriques<\/li>\n
                • Radiaci\u00f3 solar<\/li>\n
                • Radiaci\u00f3 X<\/li>\n
                • L\u00ednies alta tensi\u00f3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Malalties per agents biol\u00f2gics<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Agressions animals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Contaminaci\u00f3 ambiental<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Cat\u00e0strofe ambiental<\/li>\n
                    • Cataclisme<\/li>\n
                    • Guerra qu\u00edmica<\/li>\n
                    • Bioterrorisme<\/li>\n
                    • Guerra bacteriol\u00f2gica<\/li>\n
                    • Armes biol\u00f2giques<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Agents qu\u00edmics<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Gasos atmosf\u00e8rics<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00f2xics inhalats<\/li>\n
                      • Gasos irritants<\/li>\n
                      • Gasos asfixiants (gasos de guerra)<\/li>\n
                      • Contaminaci\u00f3 ambiental<\/li>\n
                      • Cat\u00e0strofes nuclear (guerra o accident)<\/li>\n
                      • Guerra Qu\u00edmica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Guerra bacteriol\u00f2gica, biol\u00f2gica, terrorisme<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Carboncle, verola<\/li>\n
                        • Ebola, botulisme<\/li>\n
                        • C\u00f2lera, salmonel\u00b7la<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Aglomeracions humanes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Botellots<\/li>\n
                          • Futbol o altres esports amb gran assist\u00e8ncia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Cronofisiologia i cronopatologia<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Disfunci\u00f3 de ritmes biol\u00f2gics, desincronosi, jetlag<\/li>\n
                            • Insomni<\/li>\n
                            • Acceleracions (positives i negatives)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              Metereopatia<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              La nostra experi\u00e8ncia i ubicaci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica, aix\u00ed com per determinats h\u00e0bits alimentaris i de vegades un estil de vida sedentari, els fen\u00f2mens meteorol\u00f2gics associats a disfuncions meteorop\u00e0tiques m\u00e9s f\u00e0cilment constatables s\u00f3n els electrometeors o meteors el\u00e8ctrics, els que per la seva naturalesa el\u00e8ctrica s\u00f3n precedits d’un canvi brusc a la ionitzaci\u00f3 de superf\u00edcie, saturant la composici\u00f3 dels gasos atmosf\u00e8rics (aire que respirem) amb una marcada pres\u00e8ncia d’Irons positius que alteren el funcionament el\u00e8ctric del nostre sistema nervi\u00f3s.<\/p>\n

                              En aquest sentit, la comunicaci\u00f3 i\/o transmissi\u00f3 d’una neurona a una altra del que anomenem impuls \u00e9s electroqu\u00edmica (transmissi\u00f3 saltat\u00f2ria de l’impuls nervi\u00f3s). Per aix\u00f2, la saturaci\u00f3 ambiental d’ions positius pot derivar en asincronies o desajustos a la neuroxarxa.<\/p>\n

                              El sistema nervi\u00f3s busca desfer-se de la sobrec\u00e0rrega electroi\u00f2nica positiva per restablir-ne l’equilibri sincr\u00f2nic. Potser aquesta \u00e9s una de les raons per les quals realitza desc\u00e0rregues electroqu\u00edmiques (o de buidament) a la fisiologia del cos, alterant tant les funcions org\u00e0niques vitals o b\u00e0siques, com not\u00f2riament el ritme i curs del pensament (flux d’idees, imatges sensorials o sense percepci\u00f3, etc…).<\/p>\n

                              Entre els s\u00edmptomes m\u00e9s habituals, trobem:<\/p>\n

                              Psicol\u00f2gics (an\u00edmics i funcionals)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Inquietud, ansietat<\/li>\n
                              • Irritabilitat, descens del llindar de toler\u00e0ncia als est\u00edmuls externs<\/li>\n
                              • Sentiments d’agressi\u00f3 sobtats<\/li>\n
                              • Sensaci\u00f3 d’embot<\/li>\n
                              • Dificultat per a la concentraci\u00f3 datenci\u00f3 volunt\u00e0ria<\/li>\n
                              • Taquips\u00edquia<\/li>\n
                              • Bradips\u00edquia<\/li>\n
                              • Fuita d’idees epis\u00f2dica<\/li>\n
                              • Augment dels intents de su\u00efcidi<\/li>\n
                              • Reaccions depressives<\/li>\n
                              • Alteraci\u00f3 del cicle somni-vig\u00edlia, insomni<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Sense perceptius<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • Alteracions de la motricitat fina<\/li>\n
                                • Marejos, tend\u00e8ncia a la p\u00e8rdua de l’equilibri<\/li>\n
                                • Sensaci\u00f3 d’estar caient (algunes persones la descriuen com a aleteig de papallones a l’est\u00f3mac)<\/li>\n
                                • Sensaci\u00f3 de car\u00e8ncia daire o dificultat per respirar (agitaci\u00f3)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Neurol\u00f2gics<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • Crisis epil\u00e8ptiques<\/li>\n
                                  • Crisi de migranya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Oculars<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Sobtada visi\u00f3 borrosa<\/li>\n
                                    • Irritaci\u00f3 ocular (ardor)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Irritaci\u00f3 de mucoses<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • Nasals (rinitis aguda, esternuts a\u00efllats, pru\u00efja)<\/li>\n
                                      • Far\u00edngies (tos, sequedat, mol\u00e8stia en empassar)<\/li>\n
                                      • Estomacals (ardor, \u00e0cides, reflux)<\/li>\n
                                      • Intestinals (flatul\u00e8ncia\/meteorismes, diarrea, inflamaci\u00f3)<\/li>\n
                                      • Pulmonars (espasme bronquial)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        Epid\u00e8rmics<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • Irritaci\u00f3, pru\u00efja<\/li>\n
                                        • \u00c8czemes<\/li>\n
                                        • Ulceracions<\/li>\n
                                        • Sequedat, esquerdament<\/li>\n
                                        • Aguditzaci\u00f3 epis\u00f2dica de simptomatologia d’afeccions d\u00e8rmiques de tipus al\u00b7l\u00e8rgic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Respiratoris<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Aguditzaci\u00f3 d’insufici\u00e8ncia respirat\u00f2ria en malaltia obstructiva cr\u00f2nica Epoc<\/li>\n
                                          • Aguditzaci\u00f3 de simptomatologia asm\u00e0tica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            Sistema circulatori<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • Descens de la pressi\u00f3 arterial (hipotensi\u00f3), ocasional lipot\u00edmia<\/li>\n
                                            • Increment de la pressi\u00f3 arterial (hipertensi\u00f3 nerviosa)<\/li>\n
                                            • Accidents cerebrovasculars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              Card\u00edacs<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Palpitacions<\/li>\n
                                              • Bradic\u00e0rdia<\/li>\n
                                              • Taquic\u00e0rdia<\/li>\n
                                              • Dolors anginosos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                Funcionals de l’aparell muscular<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Espasme muscular<\/li>\n
                                                • Sensaci\u00f3 d’increment i\/o disminuci\u00f3 de for\u00e7a muscular<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  Funcionals de l’aparell esquel\u00e8tic<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Inflamaci\u00f3, dolor en cart\u00edlags<\/li>\n
                                                  • Aguditzaci\u00f3 del dolor en afeccions artr\u00f2siques<\/li>\n
                                                  • Dolors reum\u00e0tics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Generals<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • Repentina i temporaria aguditzaci\u00f3 d’afeccions cr\u00f2niques (prevalents), encara d’aquelles en curs de tractament i\/o en proc\u00e9s de remissi\u00f3<\/li>\n
                                                    • Hipersensibilitat postquir\u00fargica (fins aproximadament cinc anys posteriors a la cirurgia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      Entre els principals factors convergents que predisposen l’aparici\u00f3 d’aquesta s\u00edndrome meteorop\u00e0tica s’han detectat:<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • Estr\u00e8s perllongat<\/li>\n
                                                      • Descans inadequat o esc\u00e0s<\/li>\n
                                                      • Sedentarisme (escassa activitat f\u00edsica)<\/li>\n
                                                      • H\u00e0bits alimentaris amb exc\u00e9s de greixos animals, condiments i\/o amaniments picants i\/o irritants de l’aparell gastrointestinal, consum de begudes alcoh\u00f2liques, consum de begudes derivades de fermentaci\u00f3 (cervesa, vins) o baix consum d’aigua.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        La soluci\u00f3 ha de venir de decisions pol\u00edtiques locals, regionals i globals i un canvi del model socioecon\u00f2mic i energ\u00e8tic actual. De l’esfor\u00e7 conjunt dels governs, les autoritats municipals, del sector privat, de la societat civil i altres organitzacions per desenvolupar conjuntament i de manera accelerada solucions ambicioses a les \u00e0rees seg\u00fcents:<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Transici\u00f3 energ\u00e8tica global cap a energies renovables, afavorint l’autoconsum, que faci una reducci\u00f3 total de les emissions, la Uni\u00f3 Europea marca un objectiu de neutralitat en carboni per a l’any 2050, previ objectiu per a l’any 2030<\/li>\n
                                                        • Creaci\u00f3 d’infraestructures resilient<\/li>\n
                                                        • Adaptaci\u00f3 de les ciutats a un model sostenible i resilient<\/li>\n
                                                        • Establiment d\u00b4una agricultura sostenible<\/li>\n
                                                        • Establir progressivament un sistema de transport de zero emissions, mitjan\u00e7ant la seva electrificaci\u00f3<\/li>\n
                                                        • Plans d’adaptaci\u00f3 als impactes clim\u00e0tics, especialment del conjunt d’elements que conformen el nostre sistema d’infraestructures (sistemes de generaci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica, sistemes de comunicaci\u00f3 i transport, regadius, abastament d’aigua, protecci\u00f3 i ordenaci\u00f3 urban\u00edstica, etc…)<\/li>\n
                                                        • Converg\u00e8ncia d’un finan\u00e7ament p\u00fablic i privat per aconseguir una economia de zero emissions netes de gasos amb efecte d’hivernacle<\/li>\n
                                                        • Fomentar la reforestaci\u00f3, per augmentar la captaci\u00f3 del CO2 atmosf\u00e8ric
                                                          \nPla de seguiment del desenvolupament del canvi clim\u00e0tic i els seus impactes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          Conclusions (RAED)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          Cal ser conscient que \u00e9s impossible revertir la din\u00e0mica del canvi clim\u00e0tic actual, i efectivament es troba en una situaci\u00f3 d’emerg\u00e8ncia clim\u00e0tica. Catalunya ja est\u00e0 veient-se afectada de manera molt important, i ho estar\u00e0 m\u00e9s en un futur immediat. Catalunya es troba a una zona territorial molt vulnerable al canvi clim\u00e0tic actual. Aix\u00f2 implica que hem d’adoptar i aplicar, com m\u00e9s aviat millor, una pol\u00edtica que ha de ser priorit\u00e0riament tant de mitigaci\u00f3, \u00e9s a dir, de reducci\u00f3 de les emissions dels gasos d’efecte hivernacle, com m\u00e9s aviat millor, com d’adaptaci\u00f3 per esmorteir i limitar al m\u00e0xim els efectes negatius.<\/p>\n

                                                          Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                          \n
                                                          \n

                                                          \u2022 “Meteoropathy: a syndrome continuously on the increase”. Balsamo V, Sirtori PG, Miani A Jr, Di Francesco A, Franceschini R, Mauro F, Alberti G, Grassi G.; Clin Ter. 1992 Jul;141(7):3-8. PMID 1505175<\/p>\n

                                                          \u2022 “Efectes del factors atmosf\u00e8rics en la presentaci\u00f3 de cerebrovascular accidents”. L\u00f3pez del Val L J, Rubio I, Calatayud V, L\u00f3pez del Val JA, S\u00e1nchez I.; Neurologia. 1991 Feb;6(2):52-5. PMID 1863464<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                          \u2022 “Ischemic cerebrovascular accident and climatologic factors”. Palau S\u00e1nchez A, Gr\u00e0cia Fleta F, Leiva Santana C.; Arch Neurobiol (Madr). 1989 May-Jun;52(3):161-5. PMID 2774806<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                          \u2022 “Biometeorologia i bioclimatologia cl\u00ednica: fonaments, aplicacions cl\u00edniques i l’estat actual d’aquestes ci\u00e8ncies”. PA Mart\u00ednez-Carpi. Vol. 32. N\u00fam. 05. 30 de setembre de 2003]<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                          \u2022 “Patologia ambiental b\u00e0sica i aplicada”. Augusto Corominas<\/span>\u00a0Vilardell, Pedro Antonio Mart\u00ednez Carpio. Col\u00b7legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona. Centre d’Estudis Col\u00b7legials, 2003 – 178 p\u00e0gines.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                          Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d’anys que t\u00e9 d’exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d’ecosistemes?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":110546,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[332,310,213],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-110452","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biologia-ca","category-medi-ambient","category-medicina-i-cirurgia","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nLes dues biosferes - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d'anys que t\u00e9 d'exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d'ecosistemes?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les dues biosferes - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d'anys que t\u00e9 d'exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d'ecosistemes?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\/\/fb.me\/raed.academy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-05T21:50:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-01-07T18:25:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"RAED\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@raedacademy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@raedacademy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"RAED\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"RAED\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5a755da80d1d979fd66ba745c8702927\"},\"headline\":\"Les dues biosferes\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-05T21:50:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-01-07T18:25:17+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2048,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Biologia\",\"Medi ambient\",\"Medicina i cirurgia\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ca-ES\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/\",\"name\":\"Les dues biosferes - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-05T21:50:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-01-07T18:25:17+00:00\",\"description\":\"Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d'anys que t\u00e9 d'exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d'ecosistemes?\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ca-ES\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ca-ES\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":300},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/les-dues-biosferes\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Inicio\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Les dues biosferes\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/\",\"name\":\"Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors\",\"description\":\"Corporaci\u00f3n de derecho p\u00fablico de car\u00e1cter cient\u00edfico, t\u00e9cnico y art\u00edstico, que tiene por objeto la investigaci\u00f3n, el estudio, el fomento y la extensi\u00f3n del conocimiento en su sentido m\u00e1s amplio\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ca-ES\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Real Academia Europea de Doctores\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ca-ES\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/cropped-logo_raed.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/cropped-logo_raed.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"Real Academia Europea de Doctores\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/fb.me\\\/raed.academy\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/raedacademy\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/raed.academy\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCUYQwW2KrdirNWihxMDObwg\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raed.academy\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5a755da80d1d979fd66ba745c8702927\",\"name\":\"RAED\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ca-ES\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/19fdfdc0d67fb9c45714b703a2ac82251c4fcea3637f002ac3c9b74c0183583c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/19fdfdc0d67fb9c45714b703a2ac82251c4fcea3637f002ac3c9b74c0183583c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/19fdfdc0d67fb9c45714b703a2ac82251c4fcea3637f002ac3c9b74c0183583c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"RAED\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Les dues biosferes - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors","description":"Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d'anys que t\u00e9 d'exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d'ecosistemes?","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/","og_locale":"ca_ES","og_type":"article","og_title":"Les dues biosferes - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors","og_description":"Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d'anys que t\u00e9 d'exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d'ecosistemes?","og_url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/","og_site_name":"Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors","article_publisher":"http:\/\/fb.me\/raed.academy","article_published_time":"2022-01-05T21:50:09+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-01-07T18:25:17+00:00","og_image":[{"width":500,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"RAED","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@raedacademy","twitter_site":"@raedacademy","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"RAED","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/"},"author":{"name":"RAED","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#\/schema\/person\/5a755da80d1d979fd66ba745c8702927"},"headline":"Les dues biosferes","datePublished":"2022-01-05T21:50:09+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-07T18:25:17+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/"},"wordCount":2048,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg","articleSection":["Biologia","Medi ambient","Medicina i cirurgia"],"inLanguage":"ca-ES"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/","url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/","name":"Les dues biosferes - Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg","datePublished":"2022-01-05T21:50:09+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-07T18:25:17+00:00","description":"Com ha perviscut la biosfera en els 4.000 milions d'anys que t\u00e9 d'exist\u00e8ncia i com ha canviat els darrers 10 anys amb la desforestaci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3 d'ecosistemes?","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ca-ES","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ca-ES","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/biosfera-planeta-dst.jpg","width":500,"height":300},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/les-dues-biosferes\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Inicio","item":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Les dues biosferes"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#website","url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/","name":"Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors","description":"Corporaci\u00f3n de derecho p\u00fablico de car\u00e1cter cient\u00edfico, t\u00e9cnico y art\u00edstico, que tiene por objeto la investigaci\u00f3n, el estudio, el fomento y la extensi\u00f3n del conocimiento en su sentido m\u00e1s amplio","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ca-ES"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#organization","name":"Real Academia Europea de Doctores","url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ca-ES","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/cropped-logo_raed.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/cropped-logo_raed.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"Real Academia Europea de Doctores"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/fb.me\/raed.academy","https:\/\/x.com\/raedacademy","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/raed.academy\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCUYQwW2KrdirNWihxMDObwg"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/#\/schema\/person\/5a755da80d1d979fd66ba745c8702927","name":"RAED","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ca-ES","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/19fdfdc0d67fb9c45714b703a2ac82251c4fcea3637f002ac3c9b74c0183583c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/19fdfdc0d67fb9c45714b703a2ac82251c4fcea3637f002ac3c9b74c0183583c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/19fdfdc0d67fb9c45714b703a2ac82251c4fcea3637f002ac3c9b74c0183583c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"RAED"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110452"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110452\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/110546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}