{"id":108624,"date":"2021-11-26T05:54:12","date_gmt":"2021-11-26T05:54:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=108624"},"modified":"2021-11-27T12:54:10","modified_gmt":"2021-11-27T12:54:10","slug":"el-descobriment-de-la-pindola-anticonceptiva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/el-descobriment-de-la-pindola-anticonceptiva\/","title":{"rendered":"El descobriment de la p\u00edndola anticonceptiva: una enorme conquesta social del segle XX"},"content":{"rendered":"

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/em><\/strong><\/a>
\nProfessor de Farmacologia, vicerector de Recerca i Ci\u00e8ncia i director de l’Escola Internacional de Doctorat de la Universitat Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela i acad\u00e8mic de n\u00famero de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

Article publicat al portal especialitzat The Conversation l’1 de novembre del 2021<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Dr.

Dr. Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/p><\/div>\n

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, professor de Farmacologia de la Universitat Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mic de n\u00famero de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), resumeix la g\u00e8nesi de les pastilles anticonceptives, m\u00e8tode revolucionari sobre el control de la natalitat, a l’article “El descubrimiento de la p\u00edldora anticonceptiva: una enorme conquista social del siglo\u00a0XX”<\/strong>, publicat al portal especialitzat The Conversation<\/strong> el passat 1 de novembre. L’acad\u00e8mic signa aquest article juntament amb Jos\u00e9 Antonio Guerra Guirao<\/strong>, professor de Farmacologia i Toxicologia de la Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia de la Universitat Complutense de Madrid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

“Els intents per exercir un cert control de la fertilitat han acompanyat l’\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 des que es va tornar en un \u00e9sser social. En algunes de les primeres fonts escrites de qu\u00e8 es t\u00e9 const\u00e0ncia, com el papir d’Ebers (1550 aC), ja apareixen refer\u00e8ncies a diferents m\u00e8todes anticonceptius: els autors cl\u00e0ssics, com Arist\u00f2til<\/strong>, Plini el Vell<\/strong> i Diosc\u00f2rides<\/strong>, tamb\u00e9 es remeten a les seves obres al control de la fertilitat, per\u00f2 l’enorme varietat i quantitat de m\u00e8todes proposats ha estat fruit moltes vegades de la m\u00e9s absurda superxeria. Alguna ha sobreviscut fins i tot fins als nostres dies. A m\u00e9s, la disponibilitat de m\u00e8todes anticonceptius ha estat font de nombroses pol\u00e8miques socials, ja que alguns sectors consideraven el control de la natalitat com una cosa immoral i obsc\u00e8”, inicien els experts la seva reflexi\u00f3.<\/p>\n

L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz i Guerra Guirao expliquen que, despr\u00e9s d’anys de recerca sobre la concepci\u00f3, van ser els investigadors nord-americans George Corner<\/strong> i William Allen<\/strong> els que van identificar el 1928 una hormona que afavoria la implantaci\u00f3 de l’\u00f2vul i el posterior embar\u00e0s, a la qual li van donar el nom de progesterona (pel verb llat\u00ed “gestare”, donar a llum). L’any seg\u00fcent, el tamb\u00e9 nord-americ\u00e0 Edward Doisy<\/strong> va identificar, en el fluid fol\u00b7licular obtingut de porcs, l’hormona que inicialment havia estudiat el ginec\u00f2leg vien\u00e8s Emil Knauer<\/strong>, a la que va denominar estrogen (d'”oistros”, desitjos bojos, i “gennein”, engendrar).<\/p>\n

\"p\u00edndola

Imatge de Anqa<\/a> en Pixabay<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Aquests descobriments van donar peu al fet que nom\u00e9s una d\u00e8cada despr\u00e9s els investigadors alemanys Walter Hohlweg<\/strong> i Hans H. Inhoffen<\/strong> sintetitzessin el primer derivat estrog\u00e8nic que podia ser administrat per via oral, l’etinilestradiol. I el 1944 el qu\u00edmic Russell Marker<\/strong> va produir progesterona a partir d’un compost a\u00efllat de l’arrel de l’esp\u00e8cie mexicana Dioscorea macrostachya. R\u00e0pidament diversos derivats de la progesterona es van anar sintetitzant, com l’etisterona, la noretindrona i el noretinodrel. “Aix\u00ed i tot -prossegueixen els especialistes en el seu article-, les impulsores reals del desenvolupament de la p\u00edndola anticonceptiva van ser dues dones nord-americanes militants de diversos moviments feministes per a la defensa dels drets civils: Margaret H. Sanger<\/strong>, una infermera pionera del moviment nord-americ\u00e0 per al control de la fertilitat, i la filantropa Katherine D. McCormick<\/strong>“.<\/p>\n

“Els primers estudis cl\u00ednics amb aquest f\u00e0rmac van ser realitzats el 1956 per Celso Ram\u00f3n Garc\u00eda<\/strong> i Edris Rice-Wray<\/strong>, a Puerto Rico, i van confirmar que la dosi de 10 mg\/dia de noretinodrel exercia efectes anticonceptius. Aquests autors van decidir associar-li un estrogen (mestranol), amb la qual cosa van n\u00e9ixer els anticonceptius orals combinats, per\u00f2 la seva tolerabilitat no era bona, cosa que va obligar a efectuar nous assajos, amb millors resultats, a M\u00e8xic i Hait\u00ed. Passarien diversos anys abans que el preparat fos comercialitzat com a anticonceptiu, ja que la idea que una dona sana prengu\u00e9s di\u00e0riament un medicament d’aquesta naturalesa hormonal per evitar la concepci\u00f3 semblava aberrant. Finalment, l’FDA<\/strong> nord-americana va aprovar oficialment aquest medicament de la companyia farmac\u00e8utica GD Searle & Co.<\/strong>, a base de 10 mg de noretinodrel i 0,15 mg de mestranol, el maig del 1960, amb el nom comercial d’Enovid<\/strong>“, conclouen.<\/p>\n

Llegiu l’article<\/a><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz Professor de Farmacologia, vicerector de Recerca i Ci\u00e8ncia i director de l’Escola Internacional de Doctorat de la Universitat Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela i acad\u00e8mic de n\u00famero de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED) Article publicat al portal especialitzat The Conversation l’1 de novembre del 2021 Francisco L\u00f3pez Mu\u00f1oz, professor de Farmacologia […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":108745,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[213],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-108624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina-i-cirurgia","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nEl descobriment de la p\u00edndola anticonceptiva: una enorme conquesta social del segle XX - 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