{"id":105046,"date":"2021-07-30T07:29:48","date_gmt":"2021-07-30T07:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/?p=105046"},"modified":"2021-07-31T08:41:46","modified_gmt":"2021-07-31T08:41:46","slug":"globalitzacio-i-sostenibilitat-conceptes-complementaris-o-antagonics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raed.academy\/ca\/globalitzacio-i-sostenibilitat-conceptes-complementaris-o-antagonics\/","title":{"rendered":"Globalitzaci\u00f3 i sostenibilitat, conceptes complementaris o antag\u00f2nics?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amable Esparza<\/em><\/strong><\/a>
\nRepresentant de l’Institut de l’Enginyeria Espanyola al Comit\u00e8 de Desenvolupament de Capacitats d’Enginyeria de la Federaci\u00f3 Mundial d’Organitzacions d’Enginyeria de la Unesco i acad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED)<\/em><\/p>\n

Amable Esparza<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, cap del Departament Comercial i de Qualitat<\/strong> de l’Autoritat Portu\u00e0ria de Sevilla<\/strong>, representant de l’Institut de l’Enginyeria Espanyola<\/strong> al Comit\u00e8 de Desenvolupament de Capacitats d’Enginyeria<\/strong> de la Federaci\u00f3 Mundial d’Organitzacions d’Enginyeria<\/strong> de la Unesco<\/strong> i acad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914<\/strong> (RAED), comparteix amb la comunitat acad\u00e8mica l’article “La globalitzaci\u00f3 i la sostenibilitat. \u00bfS\u00f3n conceptes complementaris o antag\u00f2nics?”<\/strong>, en qu\u00e8 reflexiona sobre l’evoluci\u00f3 del transport mar\u00edtim, base de la globalitzaci\u00f3 comercial, arran de l’incident al canal de Suez del portacontenidors “Ever Given”<\/strong> el passat mes de mar\u00e7. L’acad\u00e8mic de la RAED \u00e9s una veu autoritzada en mat\u00e8ria de transport mar\u00edtim i log\u00edstica i les seves opinions s\u00f3n habituals en els principals mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 espanyols.<\/p>\n

La globalitzaci\u00f3 i la sostenibilitat. \u00bfS\u00f3n conceptes complementaris o antag\u00f2nics?<\/h2>\n

\"\"El passat mes de mar\u00e7, despr\u00e9s de l’incident de l’“MV Ever Given”<\/strong> de l’empresa de Taiwan Evergreen<\/strong>, moltes veus van opinar respecte a la fragilitat de les cadenes log\u00edstiques a nivell mundial del consum i la ind\u00fastria.<\/p>\n

Als anys 70 de segle passat es van consolidar les primeres passes de la deslocalitzaci\u00f3 industrial cap a pa\u00efsos propers on els costos de producci\u00f3 eren menors. Aquesta decisi\u00f3 es veia com una estrat\u00e8gia empresarial, que en res feia preveure els nivells que s’aconseguirien en aquesta segona d\u00e8cada del segle XXI.<\/p>\n

La deslocalitzaci\u00f3 inicial podia estar inspirada en la recerca de costos m\u00e9s baixos en la m\u00e0 d’obra dins d’un entorn ‘proper’, sense buscar personal m\u00e9s qualificat o especialitzat.<\/p>\n

Alguns factors fonamentals de la deslocalitzaci\u00f3 s\u00f3n l’exist\u00e8ncia d’infraestructures al transport, la log\u00edstica i la seguretat jur\u00eddica, aix\u00ed com l’exist\u00e8ncia d’un medi natural i hum\u00e0 atraient.<\/p>\n

Durant molts lustres la globalitzaci\u00f3 s’ha anat imposant en benefici de les grans marques i corporacions industrials. Actualment, la globalitzaci\u00f3 ha generat la deslocalitzaci\u00f3 de gran part de l’activitat productiva mundial cap a la Xina i els pa\u00efsos del sud-est asi\u00e0tic, on els principals atractius de la deslocalitzaci\u00f3 es redueixen b\u00e0sicament al cost econ\u00f2mic i al benefici industrial de la corporaci\u00f3 propiciat\u00f2ria.<\/p>\n

Els pa\u00efsos del primer m\u00f3n han traslladat els seus processos productius a pa\u00efsos amb una m\u00e0 d’obra barata, on els drets dels treballadors, tant econ\u00f2mics com socials, res tenen a veure amb la dels pa\u00efsos del nostre entorn. Fins i tot es podria arribar a pensar que drets elementals del primer m\u00f3n s\u00f3n incomplerts als actuals ‘pa\u00efsos productors’.<\/p>\n

Un altre important problema de la globalitzaci\u00f3 \u00e9s el causat en pa\u00efsos en vies de desenvolupament o del tercer m\u00f3n, especialment a Hispanoam\u00e8rica i a \u00c0frica. En aquests pa\u00efsos la producci\u00f3 industrial s’ha redu\u00eft a nivells insuportables. L’\u00fanica font de riquesa que els sustenta, mentre els quedin reserves, \u00e9s la venda dels seus recursos naturals als pa\u00efsos productors, que els marquen el nivell de preus en haver-se redu\u00eft substancialment el nombre de compradors.<\/p>\n

Un altre tema rellevant \u00e9s el transport i la log\u00edstica. Amb el pas dels anys la compra i absorci\u00f3 d’empreses navilieres, aix\u00ed com la necessitat de grand\u00edssimes inversions en majors vaixells, ha desembocat en una enorme limitaci\u00f3 de la compet\u00e8ncia. Actualment, la log\u00edstica mar\u00edtima est\u00e0 en mans de molt pocs operadors, havent-se generat oligopolis que controlen el mercat.<\/p>\n

Aquests oligopolis del transport i la log\u00edstica mundial tensen al m\u00e0xim les infraestructures de transport, exigint als pa\u00efsos de destinaci\u00f3, per no quedar fora de la ‘xarxa’, inversions cada vegada m\u00e9s grans en ports, terminals, equipament i reduccions de taxes i tarifes. Tot aix\u00f2 en recerca d’un gran volum i major rendibilitat, la qual cosa redunda en benefici de l’operador mar\u00edtim. D’aquesta manera, es genera una situaci\u00f3 d’equilibri inestable que tensa les economies i infraestructures de les destinacions en ser l’operador el que decideix si roman o canvia de port.<\/p>\n

Una de les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies d’aquesta situaci\u00f3 s’ha produ\u00eft amb l\u2019esperat increment del cost del transport mar\u00edtim. Des de la tardor de l’any passat, el nivell dels n\u00f2lits s’ha incrementat de manera molt ostensible arribant a multiplicar gaireb\u00e9 per quatre en relaci\u00f3 amb els valors de l’any precedent.<\/p>\n

L’Acord de Par\u00eds<\/strong> (2015) sobre el canvi clim\u00e0tic, ratificat i seguit majorit\u00e0riament per la Uni\u00f3 Europea, es troba en una fase molt incipient d’implantaci\u00f3 en el sud-est asi\u00e0tic. Actualment s\u00f3n part de l’Acord m\u00e9s de 97 pa\u00efsos de tot el m\u00f3n, entre ells tots els de la Uni\u00f3 Europea.<\/p>\n

Els pa\u00efsos europeus i del primer m\u00f3n, sensibilitzats amb el canvi clim\u00e0tic, tracten de complir tots els objectius respecte a les emissions de gasos efecte hivernacle, emissions de CO\u2082, reciclatge d’aig\u00fces i materials, limitaci\u00f3 de pl\u00e0stics… S’ha establert un lucratiu negoci per a uns pocs relacionat amb “l’exportaci\u00f3 de residus de tota mena” des dels pa\u00efsos desenvolupats als del tercer m\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

\"Dr.Vivint tots al mateix planeta, \u00bf\u00e9s sostenible ‘treure de la vista’ les escombraries del primer m\u00f3n i enviar-les al tercer m\u00f3n? La mateixa pregunta es podria plantejar respecte al desballestament de vaixells, activitat que per les seves exig\u00e8ncies mediambientals i de seguretat laboral en l’actualitat es fa a pa\u00efsos on les esmentades exig\u00e8ncies s\u00f3n \u00ednfimes.<\/p>\n

La idea de produir qualsevol component o mercaderia a m\u00e9s de 10.000 quil\u00f2metres de dist\u00e0ncia del lloc de consum, en llocs on l’empremta de carboni no \u00e9s priorit\u00e0ria, \u00bfrealment es considera sostenible?<\/p>\n

L’obsessi\u00f3 per obtenir productes cada vegada m\u00e9s barats obtenint un enorme marge de benefici per a les grans corporacions ha condu\u00eft a un desmesurat consumisme i a una escandalosa obsolesc\u00e8ncia programada que esgota els recursos naturals del planeta i l’omple de restes contaminants.<\/p>\n

Taiicho Ohno<\/strong> va establir les bases de la idea Just In Time<\/strong> (JIT) a l’empresa Toyota<\/strong>, el principi era produir el que el client demanda i quan ho sol\u00b7liciti. Amb la crisi del 1973, Toyota es va posicionar al cim de les empreses japoneses. Al m\u00f3n occidental no es va estendre amb \u00e8xit la filosofia JIT fins a la d\u00e8cada dels 90. En l\u2019actualitat es pret\u00e9n que la filosofia JIT estigui implantada a escala global indistintament d’on vingui qualsevol mercaderia o component. \u00bfPer\u00f2 aix\u00f2 \u00e9s realment sostenible?<\/p>\n

La globalitzaci\u00f3-deslocalitzaci\u00f3 i la sostenibilitat sembla que s\u00f3n termes antag\u00f2nics tot i els esfor\u00e7os en convertir la Xina i el sud-est asi\u00e0tic en les f\u00e0briques del m\u00f3n i la resta de la planeta en els seus clients. Amb tot aix\u00f2, s’estan generant grans beneficis per a unes corporacions industrials globals i per a unes empreses de transport i log\u00edstica que funcionessin com oligopolis, una vegada que la compet\u00e8ncia \u00e9s aplanada.<\/p>\n

Quan la publicitat d’una empresa log\u00edstica dibuixa un full verd a la seva caixa no vol dir que aix\u00f2 sigui sostenible, especialment quan aquesta caixa porta una mercaderia que procedeix d’un origen que dista 10.000 km i en molts casos es podia haver produ\u00eft a menys de 100 km.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amable Esparza Representant de l’Institut de l’Enginyeria Espanyola al Comit\u00e8 de Desenvolupament de Capacitats d’Enginyeria de la Federaci\u00f3 Mundial d’Organitzacions d’Enginyeria de la Unesco i acad\u00e8mic corresponent de la Reial Acad\u00e8mia Europea de Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED) Amable Esparza, cap del Departament Comercial i de Qualitat de l’Autoritat Portu\u00e0ria de Sevilla, representant de l’Institut de l’Enginyeria […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":101701,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[233,310],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-105046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economiques-i-empresarials","category-medi-ambient","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nGlobalitzaci\u00f3 i sostenibilitat, conceptes complementaris o antag\u00f2nics? 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